Re: 16" ar-10 to 1000 yards
It's definitely the wrong tool for the job, and just because we can do something doesn't mean we should or that it is recommended.
I have definitely advocated shorter, lighter, tactical rifles for people, and absolutely feel that for a tactical rifle in 308, 22" is the optimal barrel length when you consider modern firearms. Really going to 24" is a safe bet for a lot of new shooters, but 22" I feel is perfect to 1000 yards under all but the worst conditions. That said,
Experience has demonstrated that while some people can drive an 18.5" 308 successfully to 1000 yards, it's not for the masses, nor is it an enthusiasts / Hobbyists solution. Those guys should stick to 22" or even 24" because their skill level just doesn't let them employ these shorter rifles to their full potential, it takes patience and more importantly perfect practice.
Now, another caveat... elevation. If you live in Colorado like I do and shoot at 5000 ft, or even higher, you can go pretty darn short with equal efficiency. However guys at sea level, you have to consider your location. You need to account for environmental conditions like cold weather and dense air. So you need to stay above 20" in most cases to reach 1000 yards. Yes you can do it on occasion, and you can handload to make up some distance, but really you need to focus on 20" to 24" and not 20" and less.
Is this a change in my position, sure it could be considered a change, but after seeing it played out over time, I believe it is necessary to say... that said, experienced people can be an exception to that rule, as well as people who practice. But those are exceptions and shouldn't' be the rule.
Now, if you are in LE and you're gonna be moving in and out of buildings and vehicles, a 16" 308 might be the perfect solution, but I find most urban areas are not affording you shots beyond 600 yards, so the 16" 308 is probably perfect. Can it happen the need to shoot farther, yes, and you should practice to the max effective range of your system as determined by the ballistics of that rifle. If you find the round you are using is going transonic at 830 yards, then you know you have a 800 yard rifle so practice to that. Ideally you want to stay about 50fps over transonic which a ballistic program can tell you. Figure 1175fps to 1200fps should be your bare minimum for accuracy at distance, where ever that falls, that is as far as you go. Can you push it, sure but let's be realistic here. Hits matter, and once out of 10 shots is not accuracy, or a hit, it's dumb luck.
The right tool for the job, if you are going to 6000ft above sea level you can figure you get an extra inch of barrel per 1000 ft above sea level. But your muzzle velocity will tell the tale better than I can.