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#_whenSaveable: [] #_cascadeSave: [] #_behaviors: null #audliveUserRealmIds: null #primaryRealmUserId: null #realmsUserRealmIds: null #forceRealmsChanges: false #thuixWatchedNodes: null #thuc_user_criteria_cache: null #postDaysData: [] } "session" => Session {#275 #storage: DbStorage {#276 #db: Adapter {#223} #table: "xf_session" } #config: array:5 [ "cookie" => "session" "keyLength" => 32 "lifetime" => 14400 "ipv4CidrMatch" => 24 "ipv6CidrMatch" => 64 ] #sessionId: "DL6HYslWWJJPsGJZcPiU4DoZS-J-IYIY" #exists: false #fromCookie: false #data: array:1 [ "_ip" => b"\x12ã.W" ] } "cookie" => array:4 [ "prefix" => "xf_" "path" => "/" "domain" => "" "secure" => true ] "cookieConsent" => CookieConsent {#279 #cookies: array:26 [ "__crossTab" => array:4 [ …4] "cacheKey" => array:4 [ …4] "consent" => array:4 [ …4] "csrf" => array:4 [ …4] "dbWriteForced" => array:4 [ …4] "editorDisabled" => array:4 [ …4] "emoji_usage" => array:4 [ …4] "fr-copied-html" => array:4 [ …4] "fr-copied-text" => array:4 [ …4] "from_search" => array:4 [ …4] "guestUsername" => array:4 [ …4] "inline_mod_*" => array:4 [ …4] "language_id" => array:4 [ …4] "lbSidebarDisabled" => array:4 [ …4] "ls" => array:4 [ …4] "multiQuote*" => array:4 [ …4] "notice_dismiss" => array:4 [ …4] "push_history_user_ids" => array:4 [ …4] "push_notice_dismiss" => array:4 [ …4] "push_subscription_updated" => array:4 [ …4] "session" => array:4 [ …4] "style_id" => array:4 [ …4] "tfa_trust" => array:4 [ …4] "toggle" => array:4 [ …4] "user" => array:4 [ …4] "visitorCounts" => array:4 [ …4] ] #thirdParties: array:133 [ "abcnews" => true "acast" => true "anchor" => true "apple_music" => true "applepodcasts" => true "audioboom" => true "audiomack" => true "audius" => true "bandcamp" => true "bbcnews" => true "bitchute" => true "brightcove" => true "bunny" => true "captivate" => true "castos" => true "cbsnews" => true "clyp" => true "cnbc" => true "cnn" => true "cnnmoney" => true "codepen" => true "comedycentral" => true "coub" => true "dailymotion" => true "democracynow" => true "dumpert" => true "eighttracks" => true "espn" => true "facebook" => true "falstad" => true "flickr" => true "foxnews" => true "funnyordie" => true "gamespot" => true "getty" => true "gifs" => true "giphy" => true "gist" => true "globalnews" => true "gofundme" => true "google" => true "google_analytics" => true "google_recaptcha" => true "hudl" => true "hulu" => true "ign" => true "imdb" => true "imgur" => true "indiegogo" => true "instagram" => true "internetarchive" => true "izlesene" => true "jsfiddle" => true "jwplatform" => true "kaltura" => true "khl" => true "kickstarter" => true "libsyn" => true "liveleak" => true "livestream" => true "mailru" => true "mastodon" => true "medium" => true "megaphone" => true "meta" => true "metacafe" => true "mixcloud" => true "mlb" => true "mrctv" => true "msnbc" => true "natgeochannel" => true "natgeovideo" => true "nbcnews" => true "nhl" => true "npr" => true "nytimes" => true "odysee" => true "on3" => true "orfium" => true "pastebin" => true "pinterest" => true "podbean" => true "prezi" => true "reddit" => true "rumble" => true "rutube" => true "scribd" => true "sendvid" => true "slideshare" => true "soundcloud" => true "sporcle" => true "sportsnet" => true "spotify" => true "spreaker" => true "steamstore" => true "strawpoll" => true "streamable" => true "teamcoco" => true "ted" => true "telegram" => true "theatlantic" => true "theguardian" => true "theonion" => true "tiktok" => true "tmz" => true "tradingview" => true "traileraddict" => true "trendingviews" => true "tumblr" => true "twentyfoursevensports" => true "twitch" => true "twitter" => true "ustream" => true "vbox7" => true "veoh" => true "vevo" => true "videodetective" => true "vimeo" => true "vine" => true "vk" => true "vocaroo" => true "vox" => true "washingtonpost" => true "wavekit" => true "wistia" => true "wshh" => true "wsj" => true "xboxclips" => true "xboxdvr" => true "xenforo" => true "youku" => true "youmaker" => true "youtube" => true ] #consentedGroups: [] } "enableRtnProtect" => true "serviceWorkerPath" => null "language" => Language {#311 #id: "1" #options: array:18 [ "title" => "English (US)" "language_code" => "en-US" "date_format" => "M j, Y" "time_format" => "g:i A" "currency_format" => "{symbol}{value}" "decimal_point" => "." "thousands_separator" => "," "text_direction" => "LTR" "week_start" => 0 "label_separator" => ":" "comma_separator" => ", " "ellipsis" => "…" "parenthesis_open" => "(" "parenthesis_close" => ")" "user_selectable" => true "language_id" => 1 "parent_id" => 0 "parent_list" => array:2 [ …2] ] #db: Adapter {#223} #groupPath: "/usr/share/nginx/sites/production/xf_code_cache/phrase_groups" #phraseCache: array:4035 [ "nav.NewsFeed" => "Your news feed" "nav._default" => "Default (no selected tab)" "nav.ad_leaderboards" => "Leaderboards" "nav.articles" => "Articles" "nav.audfeeds" => "Feeds" "nav.audfeeds_feed_1" => "Events" "nav.audfeeds_feed_10" => "Trending threads" "nav.audfeeds_feed_11" => "Hot" "nav.audfeeds_feed_12" => "Threads" "nav.audfeeds_feed_13" => "Questions" "nav.audfeeds_feed_14" => "Posts" "nav.audfeeds_feed_15" => "Hot Social" "nav.audfeeds_feed_2" => "Social" "nav.audfeeds_feed_3" => "Resources" "nav.audfeeds_feed_5" => "Comments" "nav.audfeeds_feed_6" => "Media" "nav.audfeeds_feed_7" => "Forum list" "nav.audfeeds_feed_8" => "Following" "nav.audfeeds_feed_9" => "Latest activity" "nav.audlive_realm_1" => "Home" "nav.contributedThreads" => "Threads with your posts" "nav.currentVisitors" => "Current visitors" "nav.defaultLatestActivity" => "Latest activity" "nav.defaultLogOut" => "Log out" "nav.defaultNewsFeed" => "Your news feed" "nav.defaultRegister" => "Register" "nav.defaultYourAccount" => "Your account" "nav.defaultYourProfile" => "Your profile" "nav.findThreads" => "Find threads" "nav.forumList" => "Forum list" "nav.forums" => "Forums" "nav.home" => "Home" "nav.latestActivity" => "Latest activity" "nav.markForumsRead" => "Mark forums read" "nav.members" => "Members" "nav.merch" => "Merch" "nav.newMedia" => "New media" "nav.newPosts" => "New posts" "nav.newProfilePosts" => "New profile posts" "nav.nfCalendar" => "Calendar" "nav.nfCalendarCreateEvent" => "Create event" "nav.nfCalendarEventWaitlist" => "Events you're waiting for" "nav.nfCalendarFindEvents" => "Find events" "nav.nfCalendarMarkRead" => "Mark read" "nav.nfCalendarNewEvents" => "New events" "nav.nfCalendarRsvpGoing" => "Events you're going to" "nav.nfCalendarRsvpMaybe" => "Events you might be going to" "nav.nfCalendarSearch" => "Search events" "nav.nfCalendarWatchedEvents" => "Watched events" "nav.nfCalendarYourEvents" => "Your events" "nav.nfNewCalEvents" => "New calendar events" "nav.realms_quizzes" => "Quizzes" "nav.realms_realm_1" => "Home" "nav.registeredMembers" => "Registered members" "nav.searchForums" => "Search forums" "nav.searchProfilePosts" => "Search profile posts" "nav.thMonetize_accountUpgrades" => "Account upgrades" "nav.th_donate" => "Donate" "nav.thfeature" => "Featured" "nav.thfilters_all_threads" => "All threads" "nav.thfilters_latest_threads" => "Latest threads" "nav.thfilters_newest_threads" => "New posts" "nav.thfilters_trending_threads" => "Trending threads" "nav.thtrending" => "Trending" "nav.thxlink_1" => "Home" 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events" "widget_def.nf_calendar_upcoming_evnt" => "Calendar: Upcoming events" "widget_def.online_statistics" => "Online statistics" "widget_def.php_callback" => "PHP callback" "widget_def.search_forum" => "Search forum" "widget_def.share_page" => "Share this page" "widget_def.template_syntax" => "Template syntax" "widget_def.th_post_thread_uix" => "[UI.X] Start a thread" "widget_def.th_reactplus_top_content" => "[TH] Reactions Plus: Top content" "widget_def.th_widget_login_uix" => "[UI.X] Login form" "widget_def.thdonate_campaign" => "[TH] Donate: Campaign" "widget_def.thdonate_earnings" => "[TH] Donate: Earnings" "widget_def.thdonate_goals" => "[TH] Donate: Goals" "widget_def.thdonate_topDonations" => "[TH] Donate: Top donations" "widget_def.thdonate_topDonors" => "[TH] Donate: Top donors" "widget_def.thfeature_full" => "[TH] Featured Threads and Content: Full" "widget_def.thfeature_full_thread" => "[TH] Featured Threads and Content: Full Threads" "widget_def.thfeature_grid" => "[TH] Featured Threads and Content: Grid" "widget_def.thfeature_grid_threads" => "[TH] Featured Threads and Content: Grid Threads" "widget_def.thfeature_slider" => "[TH] Featured Threads and Content: Slider" "widget_def.thfeature_slider_threads" => "[TH] Featured Threads and Content: Slider Threads" "widget_def.thfilters_filters" => "[TH] Filters" "widget_def.threactplus_userReactList" => "[TH] Reactions Plus: Member reaction list" "widget_def.thread_poll" => "Thread poll" "widget_def.thtrending" => "[TH] Trending" "widget_def.thuix_socialMedia" => "[TH] UI.X social media feed" "widget_def.thxpress_latest_articles" => "[TH] XPress: Latest Articles" "widget_def.visitor_panel" => "Visitor panel" "widget_def.xcfs_latest_feedback" => "XCFS: Latest Feedback" "widget_def.xcfs_top_traders" => "XCFS: Top Traders" "widget_def.xcfs_untrusted_traders" => "XCFS: Untrusted Traders" "widget_def.xfes_similar_threads" => "XFES: Similar threads" "widget_def.xfmg_albums_slider" => "XFMG: Albums slider" "widget_def.xfmg_gallery_statistics" => "XFMG: Gallery statistics" "widget_def.xfmg_latest_comments" => "XFMG: Latest comments" "widget_def.xfmg_media_slider" => "XFMG: Media slider" "widget_def.xfrm_featured_resources" => "XFRM: Featured resources" "widget_def.xfrm_latest_reviews" => "XFRM: Latest reviews" "widget_def.xfrm_new_resources" => "XFRM: New resources" "widget_def.xfrm_top_resources" => "XFRM: Top resources" "widget.Complete_Account" => "Complete Your Account" "widget.advertisement" => "Advertisement" "widget.app_download_canvas" => "App download" "widget.become_a_member" => "Upgrade Your Account" "widget.canvas_menu" => "Canvas Menu" "widget.canvas_menu_social" => "Canvas menu social" "widget.donation" => "Help Cover Community Costs!" "widget.forum_overview_forum_statistics" => "" "widget.forum_overview_members_online" => "" "widget.forum_overview_new_posts" => "" "widget.forum_overview_new_profile_posts" => "" "widget.forum_overview_share_page" => "" "widget.latest_followed_profile_posts" => "Latest profile posts by followers" "widget.latest_posts" => "Latest posts" "widget.latest_profile_posts" => "Latest profile posts" "widget.latest_watched" => "Latest watched" "widget.leaderboards" => "Leaderboard: Posts" "widget.member_wrapper_find_member" => "" "widget.member_wrapper_newest_members" => "" "widget.nf_calendar_list_featured_events" => "" "widget.online_list_online_statistics" => "" "widget.sh_forumStats" => "Forum Statistics" "widget.sh_homeTrending" => "Trending Threads" "widget.sh_mediaSlider" => "Latest Media" "widget.sh_subscribe" => "Subscribe" "widget.thdonate_earnings" => "" "widget.thdonate_goals" => "" "widget.thdonate_topDonations" => "" "widget.thdonate_topDonors" => "" "widget.thuix_footer_aboutUsWidget" => "About us" "widget.uix_footer_forumStatistics" => "" "widget.uix_footer_newPosts" => "" "widget.uix_footer_onlineStatistics" => "" "widget.uix_footer_sharePage" => "" "widget.uix_sidebar_postNewThread" => "Can't find a topic?" "widget.unread_posts" => "Unread posts" "widget.whats_new_new_posts" => "" "widget.whats_new_new_profile_posts" => "" "widget.xfes_thread_view_below_quick_reply_similar_threads" => "" "widget.xfrm_forum_overview_new_resources" => "" "widget.xfrm_list_featured_resources" => "" "widget.xfrm_list_top_resources" => "" "widget.xfrm_overview_latest_reviews" => "" "widget.xfrm_overview_top_authors" => "" "widget.xfrm_whats_new_overview_new_resources" => "" "emoji.100" => "Hundred points" "emoji.1234" => "Input numbers" "emoji.8ball" => "Pool 8 ball" "emoji.a" => "A button (blood type)" "emoji.ab" => "AB button (blood type)" "emoji.abacus" => "Abacus" "emoji.abc" => "Input latin letters" "emoji.abcd" => "Input latin lowercase" "emoji.accept" => "Japanese “acceptable” button" "emoji.accordion" => "Accordion" "emoji.adhesive_bandage" => "Adhesive bandage" "emoji.adult" => "Person" "emoji.adult_tone1" => "Person: light skin tone" "emoji.adult_tone2" => "Person: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.adult_tone3" => "Person: medium skin tone" "emoji.adult_tone4" => "Person: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.adult_tone5" => "Person: dark skin tone" "emoji.aerial_tramway" => "Aerial tramway" "emoji.airplane" => "Airplane" "emoji.airplane_arriving" => "Airplane arrival" "emoji.airplane_departure" => "Airplane departure" "emoji.airplane_small" => "Small airplane" "emoji.alarm_clock" => "Alarm clock" "emoji.alembic" => "Alembic" "emoji.alien" => "Alien" "emoji.ambulance" => "Ambulance" "emoji.amphora" => "Amphora" "emoji.anatomical_heart" => "Anatomical heart" "emoji.anchor" => "Anchor" "emoji.angel" => "Baby angel" "emoji.angel_tone1" => "Baby angel: light skin tone" "emoji.angel_tone2" => "Baby angel: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.angel_tone3" => "Baby angel: medium skin tone" "emoji.angel_tone4" => "Baby angel: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.angel_tone5" => "Baby angel: dark skin tone" "emoji.anger" => "Anger symbol" "emoji.anger_right" => "Right anger bubble" "emoji.angry" => "Angry face" "emoji.anguished" => "Anguished face" "emoji.ant" => "Ant" "emoji.apple" => "Red apple" "emoji.aquarius" => "Aquarius" "emoji.aries" => "Aries" "emoji.arrow_backward" => "Reverse button" "emoji.arrow_double_down" => "Fast down button" "emoji.arrow_double_up" => "Fast up button" "emoji.arrow_down" => "Down arrow" "emoji.arrow_down_small" => "Downwards button" "emoji.arrow_forward" => "Play button" "emoji.arrow_heading_down" => "Right arrow curving down" "emoji.arrow_heading_up" => "Right arrow curving up" "emoji.arrow_left" => "Left arrow" "emoji.arrow_lower_left" => "Down-left arrow" "emoji.arrow_lower_right" => "Down-right arrow" "emoji.arrow_right" => "Right arrow" "emoji.arrow_right_hook" => "Left arrow curving right" "emoji.arrow_up" => "Up arrow" "emoji.arrow_up_down" => "Up-down arrow" "emoji.arrow_up_small" => "Upwards button" "emoji.arrow_upper_left" => "Up-left arrow" "emoji.arrow_upper_right" => "Up-right arrow" "emoji.arrows_clockwise" => "Clockwise vertical arrows" "emoji.arrows_counterclockwise" => "Counterclockwise arrows button" "emoji.art" => "Artist palette" "emoji.articulated_lorry" => "Articulated lorry" "emoji.artist" => "Artist" "emoji.artist_tone1" => "Artist: light skin tone" "emoji.artist_tone2" => "Artist: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.artist_tone3" => "Artist: medium skin tone" "emoji.artist_tone4" => "Artist: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.artist_tone5" => "Artist: dark skin tone" "emoji.asterisk" => "Keycap: *" "emoji.astonished" => "Astonished face" "emoji.astronaut" => "Astronaut" "emoji.astronaut_tone1" => "Astronaut: light skin tone" "emoji.astronaut_tone2" => "Astronaut: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.astronaut_tone3" => "Astronaut: medium skin tone" "emoji.astronaut_tone4" => "Astronaut: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.astronaut_tone5" => "Astronaut: dark skin tone" "emoji.athletic_shoe" => "Running shoe" "emoji.atm" => "ATM sign" "emoji.atom" => "Atom symbol" "emoji.auto_rickshaw" => "Auto rickshaw" "emoji.avocado" => "Avocado" "emoji.axe" => "Axe" "emoji.b" => "B button (blood type)" "emoji.baby" => "Baby" "emoji.baby_bottle" => "Baby bottle" "emoji.baby_chick" => "Baby chick" "emoji.baby_symbol" => "Baby symbol" "emoji.baby_tone1" => "Baby: light skin tone" "emoji.baby_tone2" => "Baby: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.baby_tone3" => "Baby: medium skin tone" "emoji.baby_tone4" => "Baby: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.baby_tone5" => "Baby: dark skin tone" "emoji.back" => "BACK arrow" "emoji.bacon" => "Bacon" "emoji.badger" => "Badger" "emoji.badminton" => "Badminton" "emoji.bagel" => "Bagel" "emoji.baggage_claim" => "Baggage claim" "emoji.bald" => "Bald" "emoji.ballet_shoes" => "Ballet shoes" "emoji.balloon" => "Balloon" "emoji.ballot_box" => "Ballot box with ballot" "emoji.ballot_box_with_check" => "Check box with check" "emoji.bamboo" => "Pine decoration" "emoji.banana" => "Banana" "emoji.bangbang" => "Double exclamation mark" "emoji.banjo" => "Banjo" "emoji.bank" => "Bank" "emoji.bar_chart" => "Bar chart" "emoji.barber" => "Barber pole" "emoji.baseball" => "Baseball" "emoji.basket" => "Basket" "emoji.basketball" => "Basketball" "emoji.bat" => "Bat" "emoji.bath" => "Person taking bath" "emoji.bath_tone1" => "Person taking bath: light skin tone" "emoji.bath_tone2" => "Person taking bath: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.bath_tone3" => "Person taking bath: medium skin tone" "emoji.bath_tone4" => "Person taking bath: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.bath_tone5" => "Person taking bath: dark skin tone" "emoji.bathtub" => "Bathtub" "emoji.battery" => "Battery" "emoji.beach" => "Beach with umbrella" "emoji.beach_umbrella" => "Umbrella on ground" "emoji.beans" => "Beans" "emoji.bear" => "Bear" "emoji.bearded_person" => "Person: beard" "emoji.bearded_person_tone1" => "Bearded person: light skin tone" "emoji.bearded_person_tone2" => "Bearded person: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.bearded_person_tone3" => "Bearded person: medium skin tone" "emoji.bearded_person_tone4" => "Bearded person: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.bearded_person_tone5" => "Bearded person: dark skin tone" "emoji.beaver" => "Beaver" "emoji.bed" => "Bed" "emoji.bee" => "Honeybee" "emoji.beer" => "Beer mug" "emoji.beers" => "Clinking beer mugs" "emoji.beetle" => "Beetle" "emoji.beginner" => "Japanese symbol for beginner" "emoji.bell" => "Bell" "emoji.bell_pepper" => "Bell pepper" "emoji.bellhop" => "Bellhop bell" "emoji.bento" => "Bento box" "emoji.beverage_box" => "Beverage box" "emoji.bike" => "Bicycle" "emoji.bikini" => "Bikini" "emoji.billed_cap" => "Billed cap" "emoji.biohazard" => "Biohazard" "emoji.bird" => "Bird" "emoji.birthday" => "Birthday cake" "emoji.bison" => "Bison" "emoji.biting_lip" => "Biting lip" "emoji.black_bird" => "Black bird" "emoji.black_cat" => "Black cat" "emoji.black_circle" => "Black circle" "emoji.black_heart" => "Black heart" "emoji.black_joker" => "Joker" "emoji.black_large_square" => "Black large square" "emoji.black_medium_small_square" => "Black medium-small square" "emoji.black_medium_square" => "Black medium square" "emoji.black_nib" => "Black nib" "emoji.black_small_square" => "Black small square" "emoji.black_square_button" => "Black square button" "emoji.blond_haired_man" => "Man: blond hair" "emoji.blond_haired_man_tone1" => "Blond-haired man: light skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_man_tone2" => "Blond-haired man: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_man_tone3" => "Blond-haired man: medium skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_man_tone4" => "Blond-haired man: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_man_tone5" => "Blond-haired man: dark skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_person" => "Person: blond hair" "emoji.blond_haired_person_tone1" => "Blond-haired person: light skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_person_tone2" => "Blond-haired person: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_person_tone3" => "Blond-haired person: medium skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_person_tone4" => "Blond-haired person: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_person_tone5" => "Blond-haired person: dark skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_woman" => "Woman: blond hair" "emoji.blond_haired_woman_tone1" => "Blond-haired woman: light skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_woman_tone2" => "Blond-haired woman: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_woman_tone3" => "Blond-haired woman: medium skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_woman_tone4" => "Blond-haired woman: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.blond_haired_woman_tone5" => "Blond-haired woman: dark skin tone" "emoji.blossom" => "Blossom" "emoji.blowfish" => "Blowfish" "emoji.blue_book" => "Blue book" "emoji.blue_car" => "Sport utility vehicle" "emoji.blue_circle" => "Blue circle" "emoji.blue_heart" => "Blue heart" "emoji.blue_square" => "Blue square" "emoji.blueberries" => "Blueberries" "emoji.blush" => "Smiling face with smiling eyes" "emoji.boar" => "Boar" "emoji.bomb" => "Bomb" "emoji.bone" => "Bone" "emoji.book" => "Open book" "emoji.bookmark" => "Bookmark" "emoji.bookmark_tabs" => "Bookmark tabs" "emoji.books" => "Books" "emoji.boom" => "Collision" "emoji.boomerang" => "Boomerang" "emoji.boot" => "Woman’s boot" "emoji.bouquet" => "Bouquet" "emoji.bow_and_arrow" => "Bow and arrow" "emoji.bowl_with_spoon" => "Bowl with spoon" "emoji.bowling" => "Bowling" "emoji.boxing_glove" => "Boxing glove" "emoji.boy" => "Boy" "emoji.boy_tone1" => "Boy: light skin tone" "emoji.boy_tone2" => "Boy: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.boy_tone3" => "Boy: medium skin tone" "emoji.boy_tone4" => "Boy: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.boy_tone5" => "Boy: dark skin tone" "emoji.brain" => "Brain" "emoji.bread" => "Bread" "emoji.breast_feeding" => "Breast-feeding" "emoji.breast_feeding_tone1" => "Breast-feeding: light skin tone" "emoji.breast_feeding_tone2" => "Breast-feeding: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.breast_feeding_tone3" => "Breast-feeding: medium skin tone" "emoji.breast_feeding_tone4" => "Breast-feeding: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.breast_feeding_tone5" => "Breast-feeding: dark skin tone" "emoji.bricks" => "Brick" "emoji.bride_with_veil" => "Bride with veil" "emoji.bride_with_veil_tone1" => "Bride with veil: light skin tone" "emoji.bride_with_veil_tone2" => "Bride with veil: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.bride_with_veil_tone3" => "Bride with veil: medium skin tone" "emoji.bride_with_veil_tone4" => "Bride with veil: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.bride_with_veil_tone5" => "Bride with veil: dark skin tone" "emoji.bridge_at_night" => "Bridge at night" "emoji.briefcase" => "Briefcase" "emoji.briefs" => "Briefs" "emoji.broccoli" => "Broccoli" "emoji.broken_heart" => "Broken heart" "emoji.broom" => "Broom" "emoji.brown_circle" => "Brown circle" "emoji.brown_heart" => "Brown heart" "emoji.brown_square" => "Brown square" "emoji.bubble_tea" => "Bubble tea" "emoji.bubbles" => "Bubbles" "emoji.bucket" => "Bucket" "emoji.bug" => "Bug" "emoji.bulb" => "Light bulb" "emoji.bullettrain_front" => "Bullet train" "emoji.bullettrain_side" => "High-speed train" "emoji.burrito" => "Burrito" "emoji.bus" => "Bus" "emoji.busstop" => "Bus stop" "emoji.bust_in_silhouette" => "Bust in silhouette" "emoji.busts_in_silhouette" => "Busts in silhouette" "emoji.butter" => "Butter" "emoji.butterfly" => "Butterfly" "emoji.cactus" => "Cactus" "emoji.cake" => "Shortcake" "emoji.calendar" => "Tear-off calendar" "emoji.calendar_spiral" => "Spiral calendar" "emoji.call_me" => "Call me hand" "emoji.call_me_tone1" => "Call me hand: light skin tone" "emoji.call_me_tone2" => "Call me hand: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.call_me_tone3" => "Call me hand: medium skin tone" "emoji.call_me_tone4" => "Call me hand: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.call_me_tone5" => "Call me hand: dark skin tone" "emoji.calling" => "Mobile phone with arrow" "emoji.camel" => "Two-hump camel" "emoji.camera" => "Camera" "emoji.camera_with_flash" => "Camera with flash" "emoji.camping" => "Camping" "emoji.cancer" => "Cancer" "emoji.candle" => "Candle" "emoji.candy" => "Candy" "emoji.canned_food" => "Canned food" "emoji.canoe" => "Canoe" "emoji.capital_abcd" => "Input latin uppercase" "emoji.capricorn" => "Capricorn" "emoji.card_box" => "Card file box" "emoji.card_index" => "Card index" "emoji.carousel_horse" => "Carousel horse" "emoji.carpentry_saw" => "Carpentry saw" "emoji.carrot" => "Carrot" "emoji.cat" => "Cat face" "emoji.cat2" => "Cat" "emoji.cd" => "Optical disk" "emoji.chains" => "Chains" "emoji.chair" => "Chair" "emoji.champagne" => "Bottle with popping cork" "emoji.champagne_glass" => "Clinking glasses" "emoji.chart" => "Chart increasing with yen" "emoji.chart_with_downwards_trend" => "Chart decreasing" "emoji.chart_with_upwards_trend" => "Chart increasing" "emoji.checkered_flag" => "Chequered flag" "emoji.cheese" => "Cheese wedge" "emoji.cherries" => "Cherries" "emoji.cherry_blossom" => "Cherry blossom" "emoji.chess_pawn" => "Chess pawn" "emoji.chestnut" => "Chestnut" "emoji.chicken" => "Chicken" "emoji.child" => "Child" "emoji.child_tone1" => "Child: light skin tone" "emoji.child_tone2" => "Child: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.child_tone3" => "Child: medium skin tone" "emoji.child_tone4" => "Child: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.child_tone5" => "Child: dark skin tone" "emoji.children_crossing" => "Children crossing" "emoji.chipmunk" => "Chipmunk" "emoji.chocolate_bar" => "Chocolate bar" "emoji.chopsticks" => "Chopsticks" "emoji.christmas_tree" => "Christmas tree" "emoji.church" => "Church" "emoji.cinema" => "Cinema" "emoji.circus_tent" => "Circus tent" "emoji.city_dusk" => "Cityscape at dusk" "emoji.city_sunset" => "Sunset" "emoji.cityscape" => "Cityscape" "emoji.cl" => "CL button" "emoji.clap" => "Clapping hands" "emoji.clap_tone1" => "Clapping hands: light skin tone" "emoji.clap_tone2" => "Clapping hands: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.clap_tone3" => "Clapping hands: medium skin tone" "emoji.clap_tone4" => "Clapping hands: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.clap_tone5" => "Clapping hands: dark skin tone" "emoji.clapper" => "Clapper board" "emoji.classical_building" => "Classical building" "emoji.clipboard" => "Clipboard" "emoji.clock" => "Mantelpiece clock" "emoji.clock1" => "One o’clock" "emoji.clock10" => "Ten o’clock" "emoji.clock1030" => "Ten-thirty" "emoji.clock11" => "Eleven o’clock" "emoji.clock1130" => "Eleven-thirty" "emoji.clock12" => "Twelve o’clock" "emoji.clock1230" => "Twelve-thirty" "emoji.clock130" => "One-thirty" "emoji.clock2" => "Two o’clock" "emoji.clock230" => "Two-thirty" "emoji.clock3" => "Three o’clock" "emoji.clock330" => "Three-thirty" "emoji.clock4" => "Four o’clock" "emoji.clock430" => "Four-thirty" "emoji.clock5" => "Five o’clock" "emoji.clock530" => "Five-thirty" "emoji.clock6" => "Six o’clock" "emoji.clock630" => "Six-thirty" "emoji.clock7" => "Seven o’clock" "emoji.clock730" => "Seven-thirty" "emoji.clock8" => "Eight o’clock" "emoji.clock830" => "Eight-thirty" "emoji.clock9" => "Nine o’clock" "emoji.clock930" => "Nine-thirty" "emoji.closed_book" => "Closed book" "emoji.closed_lock_with_key" => "Locked with key" "emoji.closed_umbrella" => "Closed umbrella" "emoji.cloud" => "Cloud" "emoji.cloud_lightning" => "Cloud with lightning" "emoji.cloud_rain" => "Cloud with rain" "emoji.cloud_snow" => "Cloud with snow" "emoji.cloud_tornado" => "Tornado" "emoji.clown" => "Clown face" "emoji.clubs" => "Club suit" "emoji.coat" => "Coat" "emoji.cockroach" => "Cockroach" "emoji.cocktail" => "Cocktail glass" "emoji.coconut" => "Coconut" "emoji.coffee" => "Hot beverage" "emoji.coffin" => "Coffin" "emoji.coin" => "Coin" "emoji.cold_face" => "Cold face" "emoji.cold_sweat" => "Anxious face with sweat" "emoji.comet" => "Comet" "emoji.compass" => "Compass" "emoji.compression" => "Clamp" "emoji.computer" => "Laptop computer" "emoji.confetti_ball" => "Confetti ball" "emoji.confounded" => "Confounded face" "emoji.confused" => "Confused face" "emoji.congratulations" => "Japanese “congratulations” button" "emoji.construction" => "Construction" "emoji.construction_site" => "Building construction" "emoji.construction_worker" => "Construction worker" "emoji.construction_worker_tone1" => "Construction worker: light skin tone" "emoji.construction_worker_tone2" => "Construction worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.construction_worker_tone3" => "Construction worker: medium skin tone" "emoji.construction_worker_tone4" => "Construction worker: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.construction_worker_tone5" => "Construction worker: dark skin tone" "emoji.control_knobs" => "Control knobs" "emoji.convenience_store" => "Convenience store" "emoji.cook" => "Cook" "emoji.cook_tone1" => "Cook: light skin tone" "emoji.cook_tone2" => "Cook: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.cook_tone3" => "Cook: medium skin tone" "emoji.cook_tone4" => "Cook: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.cook_tone5" => "Cook: dark skin tone" "emoji.cookie" => "Cookie" "emoji.cooking" => "Cooking" "emoji.cool" => "COOL button" "emoji.copyright" => "Copyright" "emoji.coral" => "Coral" "emoji.corn" => "Ear of corn" "emoji.couch" => "Couch and lamp" "emoji.couple" => "Woman and man holding hands" "emoji.couple_mm" => "Couple with heart: man, man" "emoji.couple_with_heart" => "Couple with heart" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone1" => "Couple with heart: man, man, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone1_tone2" => "Couple with heart: man, man, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone1_tone3" => "Couple with heart: man, man, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone1_tone4" => "Couple with heart: man, man, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone1_tone5" => "Couple with heart: man, man, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone2" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone2_tone1" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone2_tone3" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone2_tone4" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone2_tone5" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone3" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone3_tone1" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone3_tone2" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone3_tone4" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone3_tone5" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone4" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone4_tone1" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone4_tone2" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone4_tone3" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone4_tone5" => "Couple with heart: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone5" => "Couple with heart: man, man, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone5_tone1" => "Couple with heart: man, man, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone5_tone2" => "Couple with heart: man, man, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone5_tone3" => "Couple with heart: man, man, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_man_man_tone5_tone4" => "Couple with heart: man, man, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone1_tone2" => "Couple with heart: person, person, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone1_tone3" => "Couple with heart: person, person, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone1_tone4" => "Couple with heart: person, person, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone1_tone5" => "Couple with heart: person, person, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone2_tone1" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone2_tone3" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone2_tone4" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone2_tone5" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone3_tone1" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone3_tone2" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone3_tone4" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone3_tone5" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone4_tone1" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone4_tone2" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone4_tone3" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone4_tone5" => "Couple with heart: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone5_tone1" => "Couple with heart: person, person, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone5_tone2" => "Couple with heart: person, person, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone5_tone3" => "Couple with heart: person, person, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_person_person_tone5_tone4" => "Couple with heart: person, person, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_tone1" => "Couple with heart: light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_tone2" => "Couple with heart: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_tone3" => "Couple with heart: medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_tone4" => "Couple with heart: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_tone5" => "Couple with heart: dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man" => "Couple with heart: woman, man" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone1_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone1_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone1_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone1_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone2_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone2_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone2_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone2_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone3_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone3_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone3_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone3_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone4_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone4_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone4_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone4_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone5_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone5_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone5_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_man_tone5_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, man, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone1_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone1_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone1_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone1_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone2_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone2_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone2_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone2_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone3_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone3_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone3_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone3_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone4_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone4_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone4_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone4_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone5" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone5_tone1" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone5_tone2" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone5_tone3" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.couple_with_heart_woman_woman_tone5_tone4" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.couple_ww" => "Couple with heart: woman, woman" "emoji.couplekiss" => "Kiss" "emoji.cow" => "Cow face" "emoji.cow2" => "Cow" "emoji.cowboy" => "Cowboy hat face" "emoji.crab" => "Crab" "emoji.crayon" => "Crayon" "emoji.credit_card" => "Credit card" "emoji.crescent_moon" => "Crescent moon" "emoji.cricket" => "Cricket" "emoji.cricket_game" => "Cricket game" "emoji.crocodile" => "Crocodile" "emoji.croissant" => "Croissant" "emoji.cross" => "Latin cross" "emoji.crossed_flags" => "Crossed flags" "emoji.crossed_swords" => "Crossed swords" "emoji.crown" => "Crown" "emoji.cruise_ship" => "Passenger ship" "emoji.crutch" => "Crutch" "emoji.cry" => "Crying face" "emoji.crying_cat_face" => "Crying cat" "emoji.crystal_ball" => "Crystal ball" "emoji.cucumber" => "Cucumber" "emoji.cup_with_straw" => "Cup with straw" "emoji.cupcake" => "Cupcake" "emoji.cupid" => "Heart with arrow" "emoji.curling_stone" => "Curling stone" "emoji.curly_haired" => "Curly hair" "emoji.curly_loop" => "Curly loop" "emoji.currency_exchange" => "Currency exchange" "emoji.curry" => "Curry rice" "emoji.custard" => "Custard" "emoji.customs" => "Customs" "emoji.cut_of_meat" => "Cut of meat" "emoji.cyclone" => "Cyclone" "emoji.dagger" => "Dagger" "emoji.dancer" => "Woman dancing" "emoji.dancer_tone1" => "Woman dancing: light skin tone" "emoji.dancer_tone2" => "Woman dancing: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.dancer_tone3" => "Woman dancing: medium skin tone" "emoji.dancer_tone4" => "Woman dancing: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.dancer_tone5" => "Woman dancing: dark skin tone" "emoji.dango" => "Dango" "emoji.dark_sunglasses" => "Sunglasses" "emoji.dart" => "Direct hit" "emoji.dash" => "Dashing away" "emoji.date" => "Calendar" "emoji.deaf_man" => "Deaf man" "emoji.deaf_man_tone1" => "Deaf man: light skin tone" "emoji.deaf_man_tone2" => "Deaf man: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.deaf_man_tone3" => "Deaf man: medium skin tone" "emoji.deaf_man_tone4" => "Deaf man: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.deaf_man_tone5" => "Deaf man: dark skin tone" "emoji.deaf_person" => "Deaf person" "emoji.deaf_person_tone1" => "Deaf person: light skin tone" "emoji.deaf_person_tone2" => "Deaf person: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.deaf_person_tone3" => "Deaf person: medium skin tone" "emoji.deaf_person_tone4" => "Deaf person: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.deaf_person_tone5" => "Deaf person: dark skin tone" "emoji.deaf_woman" => "Deaf woman" "emoji.deaf_woman_tone1" => "Deaf woman: light skin tone" "emoji.deaf_woman_tone2" => "Deaf woman: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.deaf_woman_tone3" => "Deaf woman: medium skin tone" "emoji.deaf_woman_tone4" => "Deaf woman: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.deaf_woman_tone5" => "Deaf woman: dark skin tone" "emoji.deciduous_tree" => "Deciduous tree" "emoji.deer" => "Deer" "emoji.department_store" => "Department store" "emoji.desert" => "Desert" "emoji.desktop" => "Desktop computer" "emoji.detective" => "Detective" "emoji.detective_tone1" => "Detective: light skin tone" "emoji.detective_tone2" => "Detective: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.detective_tone3" => "Detective: medium skin tone" "emoji.detective_tone4" => "Detective: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.detective_tone5" => "Detective: dark skin tone" "emoji.diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside" => "Diamond with a dot" "emoji.diamonds" => "Diamond suit" "emoji.disappointed" => "Disappointed face" "emoji.disappointed_relieved" => "Sad but relieved face" "emoji.disguised_face" => "Disguised face" "emoji.dividers" => "Card index dividers" "emoji.diving_mask" => "Diving mask" "emoji.diya_lamp" => "Diya lamp" "emoji.dizzy" => "Dizzy" "emoji.dizzy_face" => "Dizzy face" "emoji.dna" => "Dna" "emoji.do_not_litter" => "No littering" "emoji.dodo" => "Dodo" "emoji.dog" => "Dog face" "emoji.dog2" => "Dog" "emoji.dollar" => "Dollar banknote" "emoji.dolls" => "Japanese dolls" "emoji.dolphin" => "Dolphin" "emoji.donkey" => "Donkey" "emoji.door" => "Door" "emoji.dotted_line_face" => "Dotted line face" "emoji.doughnut" => "Doughnut" "emoji.dove" => "Dove" "emoji.dragon" => "Dragon" "emoji.dragon_face" => "Dragon face" "emoji.dress" => "Dress" "emoji.dromedary_camel" => "Camel" "emoji.drooling_face" => "Drooling face" "emoji.drop_of_blood" => "Drop of blood" "emoji.droplet" => "Droplet" "emoji.drum" => "Drum" "emoji.duck" => "Duck" "emoji.dumpling" => "Dumpling" "emoji.dvd" => "Dvd" "emoji.e_mail" => "E-mail" "emoji.eagle" => "Eagle" "emoji.ear" => "Ear" "emoji.ear_of_rice" => "Sheaf of rice" "emoji.ear_tone1" => "Ear: light skin tone" "emoji.ear_tone2" => "Ear: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.ear_tone3" => "Ear: medium skin tone" "emoji.ear_tone4" => "Ear: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.ear_tone5" => "Ear: dark skin tone" "emoji.ear_with_hearing_aid" => "Ear with hearing aid" "emoji.ear_with_hearing_aid_tone1" => "Ear with hearing aid: light skin tone" "emoji.ear_with_hearing_aid_tone2" => "Ear with hearing aid: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.ear_with_hearing_aid_tone3" => "Ear with hearing aid: medium skin tone" "emoji.ear_with_hearing_aid_tone4" => "Ear with hearing aid: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.ear_with_hearing_aid_tone5" => "Ear with hearing aid: dark skin tone" "emoji.earth_africa" => "Globe showing Europe-Africa" "emoji.earth_americas" => "Globe showing Americas" "emoji.earth_asia" => "Globe showing Asia-Australia" "emoji.egg" => "Egg" "emoji.eggplant" => "Eggplant" "emoji.eight" => "Keycap: 8" "emoji.eight_pointed_black_star" => "Eight-pointed star" "emoji.eight_spoked_asterisk" => "Eight-spoked asterisk" "emoji.eject" => "Eject button" "emoji.electric_plug" => "Electric plug" "emoji.elephant" => "Elephant" "emoji.elevator" => "Elevator" "emoji.elf" => "Elf" "emoji.elf_tone1" => "Elf: light skin tone" "emoji.elf_tone2" => "Elf: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.elf_tone3" => "Elf: medium skin tone" "emoji.elf_tone4" => "Elf: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.elf_tone5" => "Elf: dark skin tone" "emoji.empty_nest" => "Empty nest" "emoji.end" => "END arrow" "emoji.england" => "Flag: England" "emoji.envelope" => "Envelope" "emoji.envelope_with_arrow" => "Envelope with arrow" "emoji.euro" => "Euro banknote" "emoji.european_castle" => "Castle" "emoji.european_post_office" => "Post office" "emoji.evergreen_tree" => "Evergreen tree" "emoji.exclamation" => "Exclamation mark" "emoji.exploding_head" => "Exploding head" "emoji.expressionless" => "Expressionless face" "emoji.eye" => "Eye" "emoji.eye_in_speech_bubble" => "Eye in speech bubble" "emoji.eyeglasses" => "Glasses" "emoji.eyes" => "Eyes" "emoji.face_exhaling" => "Face exhaling" "emoji.face_holding_back_tears" => "Face holding back tears" "emoji.face_in_clouds" => "Face in clouds" "emoji.face_vomiting" => "Face vomiting" "emoji.face_with_diagonal_mouth" => "Face with diagonal mouth" "emoji.face_with_hand_over_mouth" => "Face with hand over mouth" "emoji.face_with_monocle" => "Face with monocle" "emoji.face_with_open_eyes_and_hand_over_mouth" => "Face with open eyes and hand over mouth" "emoji.face_with_peeking_eye" => "Face with peeking eye" "emoji.face_with_raised_eyebrow" => "Face with raised eyebrow" "emoji.face_with_spiral_eyes" => "Face with spiral eyes" "emoji.face_with_symbols_over_mouth" => "Face with symbols on mouth" "emoji.factory" => "Factory" "emoji.factory_worker" => "Factory worker" "emoji.factory_worker_tone1" => "Factory worker: light skin tone" "emoji.factory_worker_tone2" => "Factory worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.factory_worker_tone3" => "Factory worker: medium skin tone" "emoji.factory_worker_tone4" => "Factory worker: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.factory_worker_tone5" => "Factory worker: dark skin tone" "emoji.fairy" => "Fairy" "emoji.fairy_tone1" => "Fairy: light skin tone" "emoji.fairy_tone2" => "Fairy: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.fairy_tone3" => "Fairy: medium skin tone" "emoji.fairy_tone4" => "Fairy: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.fairy_tone5" => "Fairy: dark skin tone" "emoji.falafel" => "Falafel" "emoji.fallen_leaf" => "Fallen leaf" "emoji.family" => "Family" "emoji.family_man_boy" => "Family: man, boy" "emoji.family_man_boy_boy" => "Family: man, boy, boy" "emoji.family_man_girl" => "Family: man, girl" "emoji.family_man_girl_boy" => "Family: man, girl, boy" "emoji.family_man_girl_girl" => "Family: man, girl, girl" "emoji.family_man_woman_boy" => "Family: man, woman, boy" "emoji.family_mmb" => "Family: man, man, boy" "emoji.family_mmbb" => "Family: man, man, boy, boy" "emoji.family_mmg" => "Family: man, man, girl" "emoji.family_mmgb" => "Family: man, man, girl, boy" "emoji.family_mmgg" => "Family: man, man, girl, girl" "emoji.family_mwbb" => "Family: man, woman, boy, boy" "emoji.family_mwg" => "Family: man, woman, girl" "emoji.family_mwgb" => "Family: man, woman, girl, boy" "emoji.family_mwgg" => "Family: man, woman, girl, girl" "emoji.family_woman_boy" => "Family: woman, boy" "emoji.family_woman_boy_boy" => "Family: woman, boy, boy" "emoji.family_woman_girl" => "Family: woman, girl" "emoji.family_woman_girl_boy" => "Family: woman, girl, boy" "emoji.family_woman_girl_girl" => "Family: woman, girl, girl" "emoji.family_wwb" => "Family: woman, woman, boy" "emoji.family_wwbb" => "Family: woman, woman, boy, boy" "emoji.family_wwg" => "Family: woman, woman, girl" "emoji.family_wwgb" => "Family: woman, woman, girl, boy" "emoji.family_wwgg" => "Family: woman, woman, girl, girl" "emoji.farmer" => "Farmer" "emoji.farmer_tone1" => "Farmer: light skin tone" "emoji.farmer_tone2" => "Farmer: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.farmer_tone3" => "Farmer: medium skin tone" "emoji.farmer_tone4" => "Farmer: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.farmer_tone5" => "Farmer: dark skin tone" "emoji.fast_forward" => "Fast-forward button" "emoji.fax" => "Fax machine" "emoji.fearful" => "Fearful face" "emoji.feather" => "Feather" "emoji.feet" => "Paw prints" "emoji.female_sign" => "Female sign" "emoji.ferris_wheel" => "Ferris wheel" "emoji.ferry" => "Ferry" "emoji.field_hockey" => "Field hockey" "emoji.file_cabinet" => "File cabinet" "emoji.file_folder" => "File folder" "emoji.film_frames" => "Film frames" "emoji.fingers_crossed" => "Crossed fingers" "emoji.fingers_crossed_tone1" => "Crossed fingers: light skin tone" "emoji.fingers_crossed_tone2" => "Crossed fingers: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.fingers_crossed_tone3" => "Crossed fingers: medium skin tone" "emoji.fingers_crossed_tone4" => "Crossed fingers: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.fingers_crossed_tone5" => "Crossed fingers: dark skin tone" "emoji.fire" => "Fire" "emoji.fire_engine" => "Fire engine" "emoji.fire_extinguisher" => "Fire extinguisher" "emoji.firecracker" => "Firecracker" "emoji.firefighter" => "Firefighter" "emoji.firefighter_tone1" => "Firefighter: light skin tone" "emoji.firefighter_tone2" => "Firefighter: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.firefighter_tone3" => "Firefighter: medium skin tone" "emoji.firefighter_tone4" => "Firefighter: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.firefighter_tone5" => "Firefighter: dark skin tone" "emoji.fireworks" => "Fireworks" "emoji.first_place" => "1st place medal" "emoji.first_quarter_moon" => "First quarter moon" "emoji.first_quarter_moon_with_face" => "First quarter moon face" "emoji.fish" => "Fish" "emoji.fish_cake" => "Fish cake with swirl" "emoji.fishing_pole_and_fish" => "Fishing pole" "emoji.fist" => "Raised fist" "emoji.fist_tone1" => "Raised fist: light skin tone" "emoji.fist_tone2" => "Raised fist: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.fist_tone3" => "Raised fist: medium skin tone" "emoji.fist_tone4" => "Raised fist: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.fist_tone5" => "Raised fist: dark skin tone" "emoji.five" => "Keycap: 5" "emoji.flag_ac" => "Flag: Ascension Island" "emoji.flag_ad" => "Flag: Andorra" "emoji.flag_ae" => "Flag: United Arab Emirates" "emoji.flag_af" => "Flag: Afghanistan" "emoji.flag_ag" => "Flag: Antigua & Barbuda" "emoji.flag_ai" => "Flag: Anguilla" "emoji.flag_al" => "Flag: Albania" "emoji.flag_am" => "Flag: Armenia" "emoji.flag_ao" => "Flag: Angola" "emoji.flag_aq" => "Flag: Antarctica" "emoji.flag_ar" => "Flag: Argentina" "emoji.flag_as" => "Flag: American Samoa" "emoji.flag_at" => "Flag: Austria" "emoji.flag_au" => "Flag: Australia" "emoji.flag_aw" => "Flag: Aruba" "emoji.flag_ax" => "Flag: Åland Islands" "emoji.flag_az" => "Flag: Azerbaijan" "emoji.flag_ba" => "Flag: Bosnia & Herzegovina" "emoji.flag_bb" => "Flag: Barbados" "emoji.flag_bd" => "Flag: Bangladesh" "emoji.flag_be" => "Flag: Belgium" "emoji.flag_bf" => "Flag: Burkina Faso" "emoji.flag_bg" => "Flag: Bulgaria" "emoji.flag_bh" => "Flag: Bahrain" "emoji.flag_bi" => "Flag: Burundi" "emoji.flag_bj" => "Flag: Benin" "emoji.flag_bl" => "Flag: St. Barthélemy" "emoji.flag_black" => "Black flag" "emoji.flag_bm" => "Flag: Bermuda" "emoji.flag_bn" => "Flag: Brunei" "emoji.flag_bo" => "Flag: Bolivia" "emoji.flag_bq" => "Flag: Caribbean Netherlands" "emoji.flag_br" => "Flag: Brazil" "emoji.flag_bs" => "Flag: Bahamas" "emoji.flag_bt" => "Flag: Bhutan" "emoji.flag_bv" => "Flag: Bouvet Island" "emoji.flag_bw" => "Flag: Botswana" "emoji.flag_by" => "Flag: Belarus" "emoji.flag_bz" => "Flag: Belize" "emoji.flag_ca" => "Flag: Canada" "emoji.flag_cc" => "Flag: Cocos (Keeling) Islands" "emoji.flag_cd" => "Flag: Congo - Kinshasa" "emoji.flag_cf" => "Flag: Central African Republic" "emoji.flag_cg" => "Flag: Congo - Brazzaville" "emoji.flag_ch" => "Flag: Switzerland" "emoji.flag_ci" => "Flag: Côte d’Ivoire" "emoji.flag_ck" => "Flag: Cook Islands" "emoji.flag_cl" => "Flag: Chile" "emoji.flag_cm" => "Flag: Cameroon" "emoji.flag_cn" => "Flag: China" "emoji.flag_co" => "Flag: Colombia" "emoji.flag_cp" => "Flag: Clipperton Island" "emoji.flag_cr" => "Flag: Costa Rica" "emoji.flag_cu" => "Flag: Cuba" "emoji.flag_cv" => "Flag: Cape Verde" "emoji.flag_cw" => "Flag: Curaçao" "emoji.flag_cx" => "Flag: Christmas Island" "emoji.flag_cy" => "Flag: Cyprus" "emoji.flag_cz" => "Flag: Czechia" "emoji.flag_de" => "Flag: Germany" "emoji.flag_dg" => "Flag: Diego Garcia" "emoji.flag_dj" => "Flag: Djibouti" "emoji.flag_dk" => "Flag: Denmark" "emoji.flag_dm" => "Flag: Dominica" "emoji.flag_do" => "Flag: Dominican Republic" "emoji.flag_dz" => "Flag: Algeria" "emoji.flag_ea" => "Flag: Ceuta & Melilla" "emoji.flag_ec" => "Flag: Ecuador" "emoji.flag_ee" => "Flag: Estonia" "emoji.flag_eg" => "Flag: Egypt" "emoji.flag_eh" => "Flag: Western Sahara" "emoji.flag_er" => "Flag: Eritrea" "emoji.flag_es" => "Flag: Spain" "emoji.flag_et" => "Flag: Ethiopia" "emoji.flag_eu" => "Flag: European Union" "emoji.flag_fi" => "Flag: Finland" "emoji.flag_fj" => "Flag: Fiji" "emoji.flag_fk" => "Flag: Falkland Islands" "emoji.flag_fm" => "Flag: Micronesia" "emoji.flag_fo" => "Flag: Faroe Islands" "emoji.flag_fr" => "Flag: France" "emoji.flag_ga" => "Flag: Gabon" "emoji.flag_gb" => "Flag: United Kingdom" "emoji.flag_gd" => "Flag: Grenada" "emoji.flag_ge" => "Flag: Georgia" "emoji.flag_gf" => "Flag: French Guiana" "emoji.flag_gg" => "Flag: Guernsey" "emoji.flag_gh" => "Flag: Ghana" "emoji.flag_gi" => "Flag: Gibraltar" "emoji.flag_gl" => "Flag: Greenland" "emoji.flag_gm" => "Flag: Gambia" "emoji.flag_gn" => "Flag: Guinea" "emoji.flag_gp" => "Flag: Guadeloupe" "emoji.flag_gq" => "Flag: Equatorial Guinea" "emoji.flag_gr" => "Flag: Greece" "emoji.flag_gs" => "Flag: South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands" "emoji.flag_gt" => "Flag: Guatemala" "emoji.flag_gu" => "Flag: Guam" "emoji.flag_gw" => "Flag: Guinea-Bissau" "emoji.flag_gy" => "Flag: Guyana" "emoji.flag_hk" => "Flag: Hong Kong SAR China" "emoji.flag_hm" => "Flag: Heard & McDonald Islands" "emoji.flag_hn" => "Flag: Honduras" "emoji.flag_hr" => "Flag: Croatia" "emoji.flag_ht" => "Flag: Haiti" "emoji.flag_hu" => "Flag: Hungary" "emoji.flag_ic" => "Flag: Canary Islands" "emoji.flag_id" => "Flag: Indonesia" "emoji.flag_ie" => "Flag: Ireland" "emoji.flag_il" => "Flag: Israel" "emoji.flag_im" => "Flag: Isle of Man" "emoji.flag_in" => "Flag: India" "emoji.flag_io" => "Flag: British Indian Ocean Territory" "emoji.flag_iq" => "Flag: Iraq" "emoji.flag_ir" => "Flag: Iran" "emoji.flag_is" => "Flag: Iceland" "emoji.flag_it" => "Flag: Italy" "emoji.flag_je" => "Flag: Jersey" "emoji.flag_jm" => "Flag: Jamaica" "emoji.flag_jo" => "Flag: Jordan" "emoji.flag_jp" => "Flag: Japan" "emoji.flag_ke" => "Flag: Kenya" "emoji.flag_kg" => "Flag: Kyrgyzstan" "emoji.flag_kh" => "Flag: Cambodia" "emoji.flag_ki" => "Flag: Kiribati" "emoji.flag_km" => "Flag: Comoros" "emoji.flag_kn" => "Flag: St. Kitts & Nevis" "emoji.flag_kp" => "Flag: North Korea" "emoji.flag_kr" => "Flag: South Korea" "emoji.flag_kw" => "Flag: Kuwait" "emoji.flag_ky" => "Flag: Cayman Islands" "emoji.flag_kz" => "Flag: Kazakhstan" "emoji.flag_la" => "Flag: Laos" "emoji.flag_lb" => "Flag: Lebanon" "emoji.flag_lc" => "Flag: St. Lucia" "emoji.flag_li" => "Flag: Liechtenstein" "emoji.flag_lk" => "Flag: Sri Lanka" "emoji.flag_lr" => "Flag: Liberia" "emoji.flag_ls" => "Flag: Lesotho" "emoji.flag_lt" => "Flag: Lithuania" "emoji.flag_lu" => "Flag: Luxembourg" "emoji.flag_lv" => "Flag: Latvia" "emoji.flag_ly" => "Flag: Libya" "emoji.flag_ma" => "Flag: Morocco" "emoji.flag_mc" => "Flag: Monaco" "emoji.flag_md" => "Flag: Moldova" "emoji.flag_me" => "Flag: Montenegro" "emoji.flag_mf" => "Flag: St. Martin" "emoji.flag_mg" => "Flag: Madagascar" "emoji.flag_mh" => "Flag: Marshall Islands" "emoji.flag_mk" => "Flag: Macedonia" "emoji.flag_ml" => "Flag: Mali" "emoji.flag_mm" => "Flag: Myanmar (Burma)" "emoji.flag_mn" => "Flag: Mongolia" "emoji.flag_mo" => "Flag: Macao SAR China" "emoji.flag_mp" => "Flag: Northern Mariana Islands" "emoji.flag_mq" => "Flag: Martinique" "emoji.flag_mr" => "Flag: Mauritania" "emoji.flag_ms" => "Flag: Montserrat" "emoji.flag_mt" => "Flag: Malta" "emoji.flag_mu" => "Flag: Mauritius" "emoji.flag_mv" => "Flag: Maldives" "emoji.flag_mw" => "Flag: Malawi" "emoji.flag_mx" => "Flag: Mexico" "emoji.flag_my" => "Flag: Malaysia" "emoji.flag_mz" => "Flag: Mozambique" "emoji.flag_na" => "Flag: Namibia" "emoji.flag_nc" => "Flag: New Caledonia" "emoji.flag_ne" => "Flag: Niger" "emoji.flag_nf" => "Flag: Norfolk Island" "emoji.flag_ng" => "Flag: Nigeria" "emoji.flag_ni" => "Flag: Nicaragua" "emoji.flag_nl" => "Flag: Netherlands" "emoji.flag_no" => "Flag: Norway" "emoji.flag_np" => "Flag: Nepal" "emoji.flag_nr" => "Flag: Nauru" "emoji.flag_nu" => "Flag: Niue" "emoji.flag_nz" => "Flag: New Zealand" "emoji.flag_om" => "Flag: Oman" "emoji.flag_pa" => "Flag: Panama" "emoji.flag_pe" => "Flag: Peru" "emoji.flag_pf" => "Flag: French Polynesia" "emoji.flag_pg" => "Flag: Papua New Guinea" "emoji.flag_ph" => "Flag: Philippines" "emoji.flag_pk" => "Flag: Pakistan" "emoji.flag_pl" => "Flag: Poland" "emoji.flag_pm" => "Flag: St. Pierre & Miquelon" "emoji.flag_pn" => "Flag: Pitcairn Islands" "emoji.flag_pr" => "Flag: Puerto Rico" "emoji.flag_ps" => "Flag: Palestinian Territories" "emoji.flag_pt" => "Flag: Portugal" "emoji.flag_pw" => "Flag: Palau" "emoji.flag_py" => "Flag: Paraguay" "emoji.flag_qa" => "Flag: Qatar" "emoji.flag_re" => "Flag: Réunion" "emoji.flag_ro" => "Flag: Romania" "emoji.flag_rs" => "Flag: Serbia" "emoji.flag_ru" => "Flag: Russia" "emoji.flag_rw" => "Flag: Rwanda" "emoji.flag_sa" => "Flag: Saudi Arabia" "emoji.flag_sb" => "Flag: Solomon Islands" "emoji.flag_sc" => "Flag: Seychelles" "emoji.flag_sd" => "Flag: Sudan" "emoji.flag_se" => "Flag: Sweden" "emoji.flag_sg" => "Flag: Singapore" "emoji.flag_sh" => "Flag: St. Helena" "emoji.flag_si" => "Flag: Slovenia" "emoji.flag_sj" => "Flag: Svalbard & Jan Mayen" "emoji.flag_sk" => "Flag: Slovakia" "emoji.flag_sl" => "Flag: Sierra Leone" "emoji.flag_sm" => "Flag: San Marino" "emoji.flag_sn" => "Flag: Senegal" "emoji.flag_so" => "Flag: Somalia" "emoji.flag_sr" => "Flag: Suriname" "emoji.flag_ss" => "Flag: South Sudan" "emoji.flag_st" => "Flag: São Tomé & Príncipe" "emoji.flag_sv" => "Flag: El Salvador" "emoji.flag_sx" => "Flag: Sint Maarten" "emoji.flag_sy" => "Flag: Syria" "emoji.flag_sz" => "Flag: Eswatini" "emoji.flag_ta" => "Flag: Tristan da Cunha" "emoji.flag_tc" => "Flag: Turks & Caicos Islands" "emoji.flag_td" => "Flag: Chad" "emoji.flag_tf" => "Flag: French Southern Territories" "emoji.flag_tg" => "Flag: Togo" "emoji.flag_th" => "Flag: Thailand" "emoji.flag_tj" => "Flag: Tajikistan" "emoji.flag_tk" => "Flag: Tokelau" "emoji.flag_tl" => "Flag: Timor-Leste" "emoji.flag_tm" => "Flag: Turkmenistan" "emoji.flag_tn" => "Flag: Tunisia" "emoji.flag_to" => "Flag: Tonga" "emoji.flag_tr" => "Flag: Turkey" "emoji.flag_tt" => "Flag: Trinidad & Tobago" "emoji.flag_tv" => "Flag: Tuvalu" "emoji.flag_tw" => "Flag: Taiwan" "emoji.flag_tz" => "Flag: Tanzania" "emoji.flag_ua" => "Flag: Ukraine" "emoji.flag_ug" => "Flag: Uganda" "emoji.flag_um" => "Flag: U.S. Outlying Islands" "emoji.flag_us" => "Flag: United States" "emoji.flag_uy" => "Flag: Uruguay" "emoji.flag_uz" => "Flag: Uzbekistan" "emoji.flag_va" => "Flag: Vatican City" "emoji.flag_vc" => "Flag: St. Vincent & Grenadines" "emoji.flag_ve" => "Flag: Venezuela" "emoji.flag_vg" => "Flag: British Virgin Islands" "emoji.flag_vi" => "Flag: U.S. Virgin Islands" "emoji.flag_vn" => "Flag: Vietnam" "emoji.flag_vu" => "Flag: Vanuatu" "emoji.flag_wf" => "Flag: Wallis & Futuna" "emoji.flag_white" => "White flag" "emoji.flag_ws" => "Flag: Samoa" "emoji.flag_xk" => "Flag: Kosovo" "emoji.flag_ye" => "Flag: Yemen" "emoji.flag_yt" => "Flag: Mayotte" "emoji.flag_za" => "Flag: South Africa" "emoji.flag_zm" => "Flag: Zambia" "emoji.flag_zw" => "Flag: Zimbabwe" "emoji.flags" => "Carp streamer" "emoji.flamingo" => "Flamingo" "emoji.flashlight" => "Flashlight" "emoji.flatbread" => "Flatbread" "emoji.fleur_de_lis" => "Fleur-de-lis" "emoji.floppy_disk" => "Floppy disk" "emoji.flower_playing_cards" => "Flower playing cards" "emoji.flushed" => "Flushed face" "emoji.flute" => "Flute" "emoji.fly" => "Fly" "emoji.flying_disc" => "Flying disc" "emoji.flying_saucer" => "Flying saucer" "emoji.fog" => "Fog" "emoji.foggy" => "Foggy" "emoji.folding_hand_fan" => "Folding hand fan" "emoji.fondue" => "Fondue" "emoji.foot" => "Foot" "emoji.foot_tone1" => "Foot: light skin tone" "emoji.foot_tone2" => "Foot: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.foot_tone3" => "Foot: medium skin tone" "emoji.foot_tone4" => "Foot: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.foot_tone5" => "Foot: dark skin tone" "emoji.football" => "American football" "emoji.footprints" => "Footprints" "emoji.fork_and_knife" => "Fork and knife" "emoji.fork_knife_plate" => "Fork and knife with plate" "emoji.fortune_cookie" => "Fortune cookie" "emoji.fountain" => "Fountain" "emoji.four" => "Keycap: 4" "emoji.four_leaf_clover" => "Four leaf clover" "emoji.fox" => "Fox" "emoji.frame_photo" => "Framed picture" "emoji.free" => "FREE button" "emoji.french_bread" => "Baguette bread" "emoji.fried_shrimp" => "Fried shrimp" "emoji.fries" => "French fries" "emoji.frog" => "Frog" "emoji.frowning" => "Frowning face with open mouth" "emoji.frowning2" => "Frowning face" "emoji.fuelpump" => "Fuel pump" "emoji.full_moon" => "Full moon" "emoji.full_moon_with_face" => "Full moon face" "emoji.game_die" => "Game die" "emoji.garlic" => "Garlic" "emoji.gear" => "Gear" "emoji.gem" => "Gem stone" "emoji.gemini" => "Gemini" "emoji.genie" => "Genie" "emoji.ghost" => "Ghost" "emoji.gift" => "Wrapped gift" "emoji.gift_heart" => "Heart with ribbon" "emoji.ginger_root" => "Ginger root" "emoji.giraffe" => "Giraffe" "emoji.girl" => "Girl" "emoji.girl_tone1" => "Girl: light skin tone" "emoji.girl_tone2" => "Girl: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.girl_tone3" => "Girl: medium skin tone" "emoji.girl_tone4" => "Girl: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.girl_tone5" => "Girl: dark skin tone" "emoji.globe_with_meridians" => "Globe with meridians" "emoji.gloves" => "Gloves" "emoji.goal" => "Goal net" "emoji.goat" => "Goat" "emoji.goggles" => "Goggles" "emoji.golf" => "Flag in hole" "emoji.goose" => "Goose" "emoji.gorilla" => "Gorilla" "emoji.grapes" => "Grapes" "emoji.green_apple" => "Green apple" "emoji.green_book" => "Green book" "emoji.green_circle" => "Green circle" "emoji.green_heart" => "Green heart" "emoji.green_square" => "Green square" "emoji.grey_exclamation" => "White exclamation mark" "emoji.grey_heart" => "Grey heart" "emoji.grey_question" => "White question mark" "emoji.grimacing" => "Grimacing face" "emoji.grin" => "Beaming face with smiling eyes" "emoji.grinning" => "Grinning face" "emoji.guard" => "Guard" "emoji.guard_tone1" => "Guard: light skin tone" "emoji.guard_tone2" => "Guard: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.guard_tone3" => "Guard: medium skin tone" "emoji.guard_tone4" => "Guard: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.guard_tone5" => "Guard: dark skin tone" "emoji.guide_dog" => "Guide dog" "emoji.guitar" => "Guitar" "emoji.gun" => "Pistol" "emoji.hair_pick" => "Hair pick" "emoji.hamburger" => "Hamburger" "emoji.hammer" => "Hammer" "emoji.hammer_pick" => "Hammer and pick" "emoji.hamsa" => "Hamsa" "emoji.hamster" => "Hamster" "emoji.hand_splayed" => "Hand with fingers splayed" "emoji.hand_splayed_tone1" => "Hand with fingers splayed: light skin tone" "emoji.hand_splayed_tone2" => "Hand with fingers splayed: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.hand_splayed_tone3" => "Hand with fingers splayed: medium skin tone" "emoji.hand_splayed_tone4" => "Hand with fingers splayed: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.hand_splayed_tone5" => "Hand with fingers splayed: dark skin tone" "emoji.hand_with_index_finger_and_thumb_crossed" => "Hand with index finger and thumb crossed" "emoji.hand_with_index_finger_and_thumb_crossed_tone1" => "Hand with index finger and thumb crossed: light skin tone" "emoji.hand_with_index_finger_and_thumb_crossed_tone2" => "Hand with index finger and thumb crossed: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.hand_with_index_finger_and_thumb_crossed_tone3" => "Hand with index finger and thumb crossed: medium skin tone" "emoji.hand_with_index_finger_and_thumb_crossed_tone4" => "Hand with index finger and thumb crossed: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.hand_with_index_finger_and_thumb_crossed_tone5" => "Hand with index finger and thumb crossed: dark skin tone" "emoji.handbag" => "Handbag" "emoji.handshake" => "Handshake" "emoji.handshake_tone1" => "Handshake: light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone1_tone2" => "Handshake: light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone1_tone3" => "Handshake: light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone1_tone4" => "Handshake: light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone1_tone5" => "Handshake: light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone2" => "Handshake: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone2_tone1" => "Handshake: medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone2_tone3" => "Handshake: medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone2_tone4" => "Handshake: medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone2_tone5" => "Handshake: medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone3" => "Handshake: medium skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone3_tone1" => "Handshake: medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone3_tone2" => "Handshake: medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone3_tone4" => "Handshake: medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone3_tone5" => "Handshake: medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone4" => "Handshake: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone4_tone1" => "Handshake: medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone4_tone2" => "Handshake: medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone4_tone3" => "Handshake: medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone4_tone5" => "Handshake: medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone5" => "Handshake: dark skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone5_tone1" => "Handshake: dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone5_tone2" => "Handshake: dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone5_tone3" => "Handshake: dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.handshake_tone5_tone4" => "Handshake: dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.hash" => "Keycap: #" "emoji.hatched_chick" => "Front-facing baby chick" "emoji.hatching_chick" => "Hatching chick" "emoji.head_bandage" => "Face with head-bandage" "emoji.headphones" => "Headphone" "emoji.headstone" => "Headstone" "emoji.health_worker" => "Health worker" "emoji.health_worker_tone1" => "Health worker: light skin tone" "emoji.health_worker_tone2" => "Health worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.health_worker_tone3" => "Health worker: medium skin tone" "emoji.health_worker_tone4" => "Health worker: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.health_worker_tone5" => "Health worker: dark skin tone" "emoji.hear_no_evil" => "Hear-no-evil monkey" "emoji.heart" => "Red heart" "emoji.heart_decoration" => "Heart decoration" "emoji.heart_exclamation" => "Heart exclamation" "emoji.heart_eyes" => "Smiling face with heart-eyes" "emoji.heart_eyes_cat" => "Smiling cat with heart-eyes" "emoji.heart_hands" => "Heart hands" "emoji.heart_hands_tone1" => "Heart hands: light skin tone" "emoji.heart_hands_tone2" => "Heart hands: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.heart_hands_tone3" => "Heart hands: medium skin tone" "emoji.heart_hands_tone4" => "Heart hands: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.heart_hands_tone5" => "Heart hands: dark skin tone" "emoji.heart_on_fire" => "Heart on fire" "emoji.heartbeat" => "Beating heart" "emoji.heartpulse" => "Growing heart" "emoji.hearts" => "Heart suit" "emoji.heavy_check_mark" => "Check mark" "emoji.heavy_division_sign" => "Division sign" "emoji.heavy_dollar_sign" => "Heavy dollar sign" "emoji.heavy_equals_sign" => "Heavy equals sign" "emoji.heavy_minus_sign" => "Minus sign" "emoji.heavy_multiplication_x" => "Multiplication sign" "emoji.heavy_plus_sign" => "Plus sign" "emoji.hedgehog" => "Hedgehog" "emoji.helicopter" => "Helicopter" "emoji.helmet_with_cross" => "Rescue worker’s helmet" "emoji.herb" => "Herb" "emoji.hibiscus" => "Hibiscus" "emoji.high_brightness" => "Bright button" "emoji.high_heel" => "High-heeled shoe" "emoji.hiking_boot" => "Hiking boot" "emoji.hindu_temple" => "Hindu temple" "emoji.hippopotamus" => "Hippopotamus" "emoji.hockey" => "Ice hockey" "emoji.hole" => "Hole" "emoji.homes" => "Houses" "emoji.honey_pot" => "Honey pot" "emoji.hook" => "Hook" "emoji.horse" => "Horse face" "emoji.horse_racing" => "Horse racing" "emoji.horse_racing_tone1" => "Horse racing: light skin tone" "emoji.horse_racing_tone2" => "Horse racing: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.horse_racing_tone3" => "Horse racing: medium skin tone" "emoji.horse_racing_tone4" => "Horse racing: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.horse_racing_tone5" => "Horse racing: dark skin tone" "emoji.hospital" => "Hospital" "emoji.hot_face" => "Hot face" "emoji.hot_pepper" => "Hot pepper" "emoji.hotdog" => "Hot dog" "emoji.hotel" => "Hotel" "emoji.hotsprings" => "Hot springs" "emoji.hourglass" => "Hourglass done" "emoji.hourglass_flowing_sand" => "Hourglass not done" "emoji.house" => "House" "emoji.house_abandoned" => "Derelict house" "emoji.house_with_garden" => "House with garden" "emoji.hugging" => "Hugging face" "emoji.hushed" => "Hushed face" "emoji.hut" => "Hut" "emoji.hyacinth" => "Hyacinth" "emoji.ice_cream" => "Ice cream" "emoji.ice_cube" => "Ice cube" "emoji.ice_skate" => "Ice skate" "emoji.icecream" => "Soft ice cream" "emoji.id" => "ID button" "emoji.identification_card" => "Identification card" "emoji.ideograph_advantage" => "Japanese “bargain” button" "emoji.imp" => "Angry face with horns" "emoji.inbox_tray" => "Inbox tray" "emoji.incoming_envelope" => "Incoming envelope" "emoji.index_pointing_at_the_viewer" => "Index pointing at the viewer" "emoji.index_pointing_at_the_viewer_tone1" => "Index pointing at the viewer: light skin tone" "emoji.index_pointing_at_the_viewer_tone2" => "Index pointing at the viewer: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.index_pointing_at_the_viewer_tone3" => "Index pointing at the viewer: medium skin tone" "emoji.index_pointing_at_the_viewer_tone4" => "Index pointing at the viewer: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.index_pointing_at_the_viewer_tone5" => "Index pointing at the viewer: dark skin tone" "emoji.infinity" => "Infinity" "emoji.information_source" => "Information" "emoji.innocent" => "Smiling face with halo" "emoji.interrobang" => "Exclamation question mark" "emoji.island" => "Desert island" "emoji.izakaya_lantern" => "Red paper lantern" "emoji.jack_o_lantern" => "Jack-o-lantern" "emoji.japan" => "Map of Japan" "emoji.japanese_castle" => "Japanese castle" "emoji.japanese_goblin" => "Goblin" "emoji.japanese_ogre" => "Ogre" "emoji.jar" => "Jar" "emoji.jeans" => "Jeans" "emoji.jellyfish" => "Jellyfish" "emoji.jigsaw" => "Puzzle piece" "emoji.joy" => "Face with tears of joy" "emoji.joy_cat" => "Cat with tears of joy" "emoji.joystick" => "Joystick" "emoji.judge" => "Judge" "emoji.judge_tone1" => "Judge: light skin tone" "emoji.judge_tone2" => "Judge: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.judge_tone3" => "Judge: medium skin tone" "emoji.judge_tone4" => "Judge: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.judge_tone5" => "Judge: dark skin tone" "emoji.kaaba" => "Kaaba" "emoji.kangaroo" => "Kangaroo" "emoji.key" => "Key" "emoji.key2" => "Old key" "emoji.keyboard" => "Keyboard" "emoji.keycap_ten" => "Keycap: 10" "emoji.khanda" => "Khanda" "emoji.kimono" => "Kimono" "emoji.kiss" => "Kiss mark" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone1" => "Kiss: man, man, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone1_tone2" => "Kiss: man, man, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone1_tone3" => "Kiss: man, man, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone1_tone4" => "Kiss: man, man, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone1_tone5" => "Kiss: man, man, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone2" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone2_tone1" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone2_tone3" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone2_tone4" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone2_tone5" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone3" => "Kiss: man, man, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone3_tone1" => "Kiss: man, man, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone3_tone2" => "Kiss: man, man, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone3_tone4" => "Kiss: man, man, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone3_tone5" => "Kiss: man, man, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone4" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone4_tone1" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone4_tone2" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone4_tone3" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone4_tone5" => "Kiss: man, man, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone5" => "Kiss: man, man, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone5_tone1" => "Kiss: man, man, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone5_tone2" => "Kiss: man, man, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone5_tone3" => "Kiss: man, man, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_man_man_tone5_tone4" => "Kiss: man, man, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_mm" => "Kiss: man, man" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone1_tone2" => "Kiss: person, person, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone1_tone3" => "Kiss: person, person, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone1_tone4" => "Kiss: person, person, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone1_tone5" => "Kiss: person, person, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone2_tone1" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone2_tone3" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone2_tone4" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone2_tone5" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone3_tone1" => "Kiss: person, person, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone3_tone2" => "Kiss: person, person, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone3_tone4" => "Kiss: person, person, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone3_tone5" => "Kiss: person, person, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone4_tone1" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone4_tone2" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone4_tone3" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone4_tone5" => "Kiss: person, person, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone5_tone1" => "Kiss: person, person, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone5_tone2" => "Kiss: person, person, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone5_tone3" => "Kiss: person, person, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_person_person_tone5_tone4" => "Kiss: person, person, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_tone1" => "Kiss: light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_tone2" => "Kiss: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_tone3" => "Kiss: medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_tone4" => "Kiss: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_tone5" => "Kiss: dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man" => "Kiss: woman, man" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, man, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone1_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, man, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone1_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, man, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone1_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, man, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone1_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, man, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone2_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone2_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone2_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone2_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone3_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone3_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone3_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone3_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone4_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone4_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone4_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone4_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, man, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, man, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone5_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, man, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone5_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, man, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone5_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, man, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_man_tone5_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, man, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, woman, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone1_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, woman, light skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone1_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, woman, light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone1_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, woman, light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone1_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, woman, light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone2_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone2_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone2_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone2_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-light skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone3_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone3_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone3_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone3_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone4_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone4_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone4_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone4_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, woman, medium-dark skin tone, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone5" => "Kiss: woman, woman, dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone5_tone1" => "Kiss: woman, woman, dark skin tone, light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone5_tone2" => "Kiss: woman, woman, dark skin tone, medium-light skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone5_tone3" => "Kiss: woman, woman, dark skin tone, medium skin tone" "emoji.kiss_woman_woman_tone5_tone4" => "Kiss: woman, woman, dark skin tone, medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.kiss_ww" => "Kiss: woman, woman" "emoji.kissing" => "Kissing face" "emoji.kissing_cat" => "Kissing cat" "emoji.kissing_closed_eyes" => "Kissing face with closed eyes" "emoji.kissing_heart" => "Face blowing a kiss" "emoji.kissing_smiling_eyes" => "Kissing face with smiling eyes" "emoji.kite" => "Kite" "emoji.kiwi" => "Kiwi fruit" "emoji.knife" => "Kitchen knife" "emoji.knot" => "Knot" "emoji.koala" => "Koala" "emoji.koko" => "Japanese “here” button" "emoji.lab_coat" => "Lab coat" "emoji.label" => "Label" "emoji.lacrosse" => "Lacrosse" "emoji.ladder" => "Ladder" "emoji.lady_beetle" => "Lady beetle" "emoji.large_blue_diamond" => "Large blue diamond" "emoji.large_orange_diamond" => "Large orange diamond" "emoji.last_quarter_moon" => "Last quarter moon" "emoji.last_quarter_moon_with_face" => "Last quarter moon face" "emoji.laughing" => "Grinning squinting face" "emoji.leafy_green" => "Leafy green" "emoji.leaves" => "Leaf fluttering in wind" "emoji.ledger" => "Ledger" "emoji.left_facing_fist" => "Left-facing fist" "emoji.left_facing_fist_tone1" => "Left-facing fist: light skin tone" "emoji.left_facing_fist_tone2" => "Left-facing fist: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.left_facing_fist_tone3" => "Left-facing fist: medium skin tone" "emoji.left_facing_fist_tone4" => "Left-facing fist: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.left_facing_fist_tone5" => "Left-facing fist: dark skin tone" "emoji.left_luggage" => "Left luggage" "emoji.left_right_arrow" => "Left-right arrow" "emoji.leftwards_arrow_with_hook" => "Right arrow curving left" "emoji.leftwards_hand" => "Leftwards hand" "emoji.leftwards_hand_tone1" => "Leftwards hand: light skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_hand_tone2" => "Leftwards hand: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_hand_tone3" => "Leftwards hand: medium skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_hand_tone4" => "Leftwards hand: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_hand_tone5" => "Leftwards hand: dark skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_pushing_hand" => "Leftwards pushing hand" "emoji.leftwards_pushing_hand_tone1" => "Leftwards pushing hand: light skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_pushing_hand_tone2" => "Leftwards pushing hand: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_pushing_hand_tone3" => "Leftwards pushing hand: medium skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_pushing_hand_tone4" => "Leftwards pushing hand: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.leftwards_pushing_hand_tone5" => "Leftwards pushing hand: dark skin tone" "emoji.leg" => "Leg" "emoji.leg_tone1" => "Leg: light skin tone" "emoji.leg_tone2" => "Leg: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.leg_tone3" => "Leg: medium skin tone" "emoji.leg_tone4" => "Leg: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.leg_tone5" => "Leg: dark skin tone" "emoji.lemon" => "Lemon" "emoji.leo" => "Leo" "emoji.leopard" => "Leopard" "emoji.level_slider" => "Level slider" "emoji.levitate" => "Man in suit levitating" "emoji.levitate_tone1" => "Man in suit levitating: light skin tone" "emoji.levitate_tone2" => "Man in suit levitating: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.levitate_tone3" => "Man in suit levitating: medium skin tone" "emoji.levitate_tone4" => "Man in suit levitating: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.levitate_tone5" => "Man in suit levitating: dark skin tone" "emoji.libra" => "Libra" "emoji.light_blue_heart" => "Light blue heart" "emoji.light_rail" => "Light rail" "emoji.link" => "Link" "emoji.lion_face" => "Lion" "emoji.lips" => "Mouth" "emoji.lipstick" => "Lipstick" "emoji.lizard" => "Lizard" "emoji.llama" => "Llama" "emoji.lobster" => "Lobster" "emoji.lock" => "Locked" "emoji.lock_with_ink_pen" => "Locked with pen" "emoji.lollipop" => "Lollipop" "emoji.long_drum" => "Long drum" "emoji.loop" => "Double curly loop" "emoji.lotus" => "Lotus" "emoji.loud_sound" => "Speaker high volume" "emoji.loudspeaker" => "Loudspeaker" "emoji.love_hotel" => "Love hotel" "emoji.love_letter" => "Love letter" "emoji.love_you_gesture" => "Love-you gesture" "emoji.love_you_gesture_tone1" => "Love-you gesture: light skin tone" "emoji.love_you_gesture_tone2" => "Love-you gesture: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.love_you_gesture_tone3" => "Love-you gesture: medium skin tone" "emoji.love_you_gesture_tone4" => "Love-you gesture: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.love_you_gesture_tone5" => "Love-you gesture: dark skin tone" "emoji.low_battery" => "Low battery" "emoji.low_brightness" => "Dim button" "emoji.luggage" => "Luggage" "emoji.lungs" => "Lungs" "emoji.lying_face" => "Lying face" "emoji.m" => "Circled M" "emoji.mag" => "Magnifying glass tilted left" "emoji.mag_right" => "Magnifying glass tilted right" "emoji.mage" => "Mage" "emoji.mage_tone1" => "Mage: light skin tone" "emoji.mage_tone2" => "Mage: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.mage_tone3" => "Mage: medium skin tone" "emoji.mage_tone4" => "Mage: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.mage_tone5" => "Mage: dark skin tone" "emoji.magic_wand" => "Magic wand" "emoji.magnet" => "Magnet" "emoji.mahjong" => "Mahjong red dragon" "emoji.mailbox" => "Closed mailbox with raised flag" "emoji.mailbox_closed" => "Closed mailbox with lowered flag" "emoji.mailbox_with_mail" => "Open mailbox with raised flag" "emoji.mailbox_with_no_mail" => "Open mailbox with lowered flag" "emoji.male_sign" => "Male sign" "emoji.mammoth" => "Mammoth" "emoji.man" => "Man" "emoji.man_artist" => "Man artist" "emoji.man_artist_tone1" => "Man artist: light skin tone" "emoji.man_artist_tone2" => "Man artist: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_artist_tone3" => "Man artist: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_artist_tone4" => "Man artist: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_artist_tone5" => "Man artist: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_astronaut" => "Man astronaut" "emoji.man_astronaut_tone1" => "Man astronaut: light skin tone" "emoji.man_astronaut_tone2" => "Man astronaut: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_astronaut_tone3" => "Man astronaut: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_astronaut_tone4" => "Man astronaut: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_astronaut_tone5" => "Man astronaut: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_bald" => "Man: bald" "emoji.man_bald_tone1" => "Man, bald: light skin tone" "emoji.man_bald_tone2" => "Man, bald: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_bald_tone3" => "Man, bald: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_bald_tone4" => "Man, bald: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_bald_tone5" => "Man, bald: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_beard" => "Man: beard" "emoji.man_biking" => "Man biking" "emoji.man_biking_tone1" => "Man biking: light skin tone" "emoji.man_biking_tone2" => "Man biking: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_biking_tone3" => "Man biking: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_biking_tone4" => "Man biking: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_biking_tone5" => "Man biking: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_bouncing_ball" => "Man bouncing ball" "emoji.man_bouncing_ball_tone1" => "Man bouncing ball: light skin tone" "emoji.man_bouncing_ball_tone2" => "Man bouncing ball: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_bouncing_ball_tone3" => "Man bouncing ball: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_bouncing_ball_tone4" => "Man bouncing ball: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_bouncing_ball_tone5" => "Man bouncing ball: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_bowing" => "Man bowing" "emoji.man_bowing_tone1" => "Man bowing: light skin tone" "emoji.man_bowing_tone2" => "Man bowing: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_bowing_tone3" => "Man bowing: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_bowing_tone4" => "Man bowing: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_bowing_tone5" => "Man bowing: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_cartwheeling" => "Man cartwheeling" "emoji.man_cartwheeling_tone1" => "Man cartwheeling: light skin tone" "emoji.man_cartwheeling_tone2" => "Man cartwheeling: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_cartwheeling_tone3" => "Man cartwheeling: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_cartwheeling_tone4" => "Man cartwheeling: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_cartwheeling_tone5" => "Man cartwheeling: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_climbing" => "Man climbing" "emoji.man_climbing_tone1" => "Man climbing: light skin tone" "emoji.man_climbing_tone2" => "Man climbing: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_climbing_tone3" => "Man climbing: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_climbing_tone4" => "Man climbing: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_climbing_tone5" => "Man climbing: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_construction_worker" => "Man construction worker" "emoji.man_construction_worker_tone1" => "Man construction worker: light skin tone" "emoji.man_construction_worker_tone2" => "Man construction worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_construction_worker_tone3" => "Man construction worker: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_construction_worker_tone4" => "Man construction worker: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_construction_worker_tone5" => "Man construction worker: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_cook" => "Man cook" "emoji.man_cook_tone1" => "Man cook: light skin tone" "emoji.man_cook_tone2" => "Man cook: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_cook_tone3" => "Man cook: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_cook_tone4" => "Man cook: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_cook_tone5" => "Man cook: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_curly_haired" => "Man: curly hair" "emoji.man_curly_haired_tone1" => "Man, curly haired: light skin tone" "emoji.man_curly_haired_tone2" => "Man, curly haired: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_curly_haired_tone3" => "Man, curly haired: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_curly_haired_tone4" => "Man, curly haired: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_curly_haired_tone5" => "Man, curly haired: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_dancing" => "Man dancing" "emoji.man_dancing_tone1" => "Man dancing: light skin tone" "emoji.man_dancing_tone2" => "Man dancing: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_dancing_tone3" => "Man dancing: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_dancing_tone4" => "Man dancing: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_dancing_tone5" => "Man dancing: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_detective" => "Man detective" "emoji.man_detective_tone1" => "Man detective: light skin tone" "emoji.man_detective_tone2" => "Man detective: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_detective_tone3" => "Man detective: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_detective_tone4" => "Man detective: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_detective_tone5" => "Man detective: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_elf" => "Man elf" "emoji.man_elf_tone1" => "Man elf: light skin tone" "emoji.man_elf_tone2" => "Man elf: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_elf_tone3" => "Man elf: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_elf_tone4" => "Man elf: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_elf_tone5" => "Man elf: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_facepalming" => "Man facepalming" "emoji.man_facepalming_tone1" => "Man facepalming: light skin tone" "emoji.man_facepalming_tone2" => "Man facepalming: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_facepalming_tone3" => "Man facepalming: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_facepalming_tone4" => "Man facepalming: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_facepalming_tone5" => "Man facepalming: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_factory_worker" => "Man factory worker" "emoji.man_factory_worker_tone1" => "Man factory worker: light skin tone" "emoji.man_factory_worker_tone2" => "Man factory worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_factory_worker_tone3" => "Man factory worker: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_factory_worker_tone4" => "Man factory worker: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_factory_worker_tone5" => "Man factory worker: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_fairy" => "Man fairy" "emoji.man_fairy_tone1" => "Man fairy: light skin tone" "emoji.man_fairy_tone2" => "Man fairy: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_fairy_tone3" => "Man fairy: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_fairy_tone4" => "Man fairy: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_fairy_tone5" => "Man fairy: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_farmer" => "Man farmer" "emoji.man_farmer_tone1" => "Man farmer: light skin tone" "emoji.man_farmer_tone2" => "Man farmer: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_farmer_tone3" => "Man farmer: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_farmer_tone4" => "Man farmer: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_farmer_tone5" => "Man farmer: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_feeding_baby" => "Man feeding baby" "emoji.man_feeding_baby_tone1" => "Man feeding baby: light skin tone" "emoji.man_feeding_baby_tone2" => "Man feeding baby: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_feeding_baby_tone3" => "Man feeding baby: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_feeding_baby_tone4" => "Man feeding baby: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_feeding_baby_tone5" => "Man feeding baby: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_firefighter" => "Man firefighter" "emoji.man_firefighter_tone1" => "Man firefighter: light skin tone" "emoji.man_firefighter_tone2" => "Man firefighter: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_firefighter_tone3" => "Man firefighter: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_firefighter_tone4" => "Man firefighter: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_firefighter_tone5" => "Man firefighter: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_frowning" => "Man frowning" "emoji.man_frowning_tone1" => "Man frowning: light skin tone" "emoji.man_frowning_tone2" => "Man frowning: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_frowning_tone3" => "Man frowning: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_frowning_tone4" => "Man frowning: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_frowning_tone5" => "Man frowning: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_genie" => "Man genie" "emoji.man_gesturing_no" => "Man gesturing NO" "emoji.man_gesturing_no_tone1" => "Man gesturing NO: light skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_no_tone2" => "Man gesturing NO: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_no_tone3" => "Man gesturing NO: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_no_tone4" => "Man gesturing NO: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_no_tone5" => "Man gesturing NO: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_ok" => "Man gesturing OK" "emoji.man_gesturing_ok_tone1" => "Man gesturing OK: light skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_ok_tone2" => "Man gesturing OK: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_ok_tone3" => "Man gesturing OK: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_ok_tone4" => "Man gesturing OK: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_gesturing_ok_tone5" => "Man gesturing OK: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_face_massage" => "Man getting massage" "emoji.man_getting_face_massage_tone1" => "Man getting massage: light skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_face_massage_tone2" => "Man getting massage: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_face_massage_tone3" => "Man getting massage: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_face_massage_tone4" => "Man getting massage: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_face_massage_tone5" => "Man getting massage: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_haircut" => "Man getting haircut" "emoji.man_getting_haircut_tone1" => "Man getting haircut: light skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_haircut_tone2" => "Man getting haircut: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_haircut_tone3" => "Man getting haircut: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_haircut_tone4" => "Man getting haircut: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_getting_haircut_tone5" => "Man getting haircut: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_golfing" => "Man golfing" "emoji.man_golfing_tone1" => "Man golfing: light skin tone" "emoji.man_golfing_tone2" => "Man golfing: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_golfing_tone3" => "Man golfing: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_golfing_tone4" => "Man golfing: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_golfing_tone5" => "Man golfing: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_guard" => "Man guard" "emoji.man_guard_tone1" => "Man guard: light skin tone" "emoji.man_guard_tone2" => "Man guard: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_guard_tone3" => "Man guard: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_guard_tone4" => "Man guard: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_guard_tone5" => "Man guard: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_health_worker" => "Man health worker" "emoji.man_health_worker_tone1" => "Man health worker: light skin tone" "emoji.man_health_worker_tone2" => "Man health worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_health_worker_tone3" => "Man health worker: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_health_worker_tone4" => "Man health worker: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_health_worker_tone5" => "Man health worker: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_lotus_position" => "Man in lotus position" "emoji.man_in_lotus_position_tone1" => "Man in lotus position: light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_lotus_position_tone2" => "Man in lotus position: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_lotus_position_tone3" => "Man in lotus position: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_in_lotus_position_tone4" => "Man in lotus position: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_lotus_position_tone5" => "Man in lotus position: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_manual_wheelchair" => "Man in manual wheelchair" "emoji.man_in_manual_wheelchair_tone1" => "Man in manual wheelchair: light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_manual_wheelchair_tone2" => "Man in manual wheelchair: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_manual_wheelchair_tone3" => "Man in manual wheelchair: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_in_manual_wheelchair_tone4" => "Man in manual wheelchair: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_manual_wheelchair_tone5" => "Man in manual wheelchair: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_motorized_wheelchair" => "Man in motorized wheelchair" "emoji.man_in_motorized_wheelchair_tone1" => "Man in motorized wheelchair: light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_motorized_wheelchair_tone2" => "Man in motorized wheelchair: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_motorized_wheelchair_tone3" => "Man in motorized wheelchair: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_in_motorized_wheelchair_tone4" => "Man in motorized wheelchair: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_motorized_wheelchair_tone5" => "Man in motorized wheelchair: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_steamy_room" => "Man in steamy room" "emoji.man_in_steamy_room_tone1" => "Man in steamy room: light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_steamy_room_tone2" => "Man in steamy room: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_steamy_room_tone3" => "Man in steamy room: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_in_steamy_room_tone4" => "Man in steamy room: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_steamy_room_tone5" => "Man in steamy room: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_tuxedo" => "Man in tuxedo" "emoji.man_in_tuxedo_tone1" => "Man in tuxedo: light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_tuxedo_tone2" => "Man in tuxedo: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_in_tuxedo_tone3" => "Man in tuxedo: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_in_tuxedo_tone4" => "Man in tuxedo: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_in_tuxedo_tone5" => "Man in tuxedo: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_judge" => "Man judge" "emoji.man_judge_tone1" => "Man judge: light skin tone" "emoji.man_judge_tone2" => "Man judge: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_judge_tone3" => "Man judge: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_judge_tone4" => "Man judge: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_judge_tone5" => "Man judge: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_juggling" => "Man juggling" "emoji.man_juggling_tone1" => "Man juggling: light skin tone" "emoji.man_juggling_tone2" => "Man juggling: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_juggling_tone3" => "Man juggling: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_juggling_tone4" => "Man juggling: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_juggling_tone5" => "Man juggling: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_kneeling" => "Man kneeling" "emoji.man_kneeling_tone1" => "Man kneeling: light skin tone" "emoji.man_kneeling_tone2" => "Man kneeling: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_kneeling_tone3" => "Man kneeling: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_kneeling_tone4" => "Man kneeling: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_kneeling_tone5" => "Man kneeling: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_lifting_weights" => "Man lifting weights" "emoji.man_lifting_weights_tone1" => "Man lifting weights: light skin tone" "emoji.man_lifting_weights_tone2" => "Man lifting weights: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_lifting_weights_tone3" => "Man lifting weights: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_lifting_weights_tone4" => "Man lifting weights: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_lifting_weights_tone5" => "Man lifting weights: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_mage" => "Man mage" "emoji.man_mage_tone1" => "Man mage: light skin tone" "emoji.man_mage_tone2" => "Man mage: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_mage_tone3" => "Man mage: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_mage_tone4" => "Man mage: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_mage_tone5" => "Man mage: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_mechanic" => "Man mechanic" "emoji.man_mechanic_tone1" => "Man mechanic: light skin tone" "emoji.man_mechanic_tone2" => "Man mechanic: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_mechanic_tone3" => "Man mechanic: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_mechanic_tone4" => "Man mechanic: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_mechanic_tone5" => "Man mechanic: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_mountain_biking" => "Man mountain biking" "emoji.man_mountain_biking_tone1" => "Man mountain biking: light skin tone" "emoji.man_mountain_biking_tone2" => "Man mountain biking: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_mountain_biking_tone3" => "Man mountain biking: medium skin tone" "emoji.man_mountain_biking_tone4" => "Man mountain biking: medium-dark skin tone" "emoji.man_mountain_biking_tone5" => "Man mountain biking: dark skin tone" "emoji.man_office_worker" => "Man office worker" "emoji.man_office_worker_tone1" => "Man office worker: light skin tone" "emoji.man_office_worker_tone2" => "Man office worker: medium-light skin tone" "emoji.man_office_worker_tone3" 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So here's the deal- you have your thing and I have mine. I've already received several comments about interacting with you and your kin and I've had to agree on how to politely coexist with you. I keep telling folks though that you & I are just getting acquainted and it won't be long before you get to know me and we become fast friends. Hell, I bet by this summer you'll be inviting me over to your house, asking me to drink your beer, eat your steaks, and fuck your sister right? We can all get along.You gonna make a thread for every fucking war now?
Dude wtf
So here's the deal- you have your thing and I have mine. I've already received several comments about interacting with you and your kin and I've had to agree on how to politely coexist with you. I keep telling folks though that you & I are just getting acquainted and it won't be long before you get to know me and we become fast friends. Hell, I bet by this summer you'll be inviting me over to your house, asking me to drink your beer, eat your steaks, and fuck your sister right? We can all get along.
-LD
Howdy 1J04- don't suppose you'd have any Civil War stories to share with the group? If so- I'd love to hear 'em. Don't worry about mcameron and his cohorts of flying monkeys- I'm sure that he received the same warning that I did about how to conduct oneself without shiting in one's own hand.LMFAO Whew Wee! Somebody is getting ready to find out what happens when the Dog chasing the Mack Truck actually catches it. Good luck Duck. I mean that.
So nothing off worth to contribute to an American Civil War thread? Come on now- there's so much to talk about here, I'm certain that you can come up with at least one story-
Most of us (including me) attended public schools where we were provided roughly the same instruction regarding the Civil War: Our country was composed of the North, where people opposed slavery, and the South, where slavery was embraced. Abraham Lincoln rose to the presidency and fought against the South to end slavery and saved the Union.The Civil War was decades in the making and the culmination of unresolved issues between the Northern and Southern states.
This seems to run contrary to conventional thinking. Wasn’t he an abolitionist?I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.
Lincoln argued that secession was legally and constitutionally impossible, a view that stood in stark contrast to his stated beliefs while a member of Congress just 12 years earlier. In an 1848 speech in the House of Representatives regarding the war with Mexico, Lincoln argued in favor of secession:In doing this there needs to be no bloodshed or violence, and there shall be none unless it be forced upon the national authority. The power confided to me will be used to hold, occupy, and possess the property and places belonging to the Government and to collect the duties and imposts; but beyond what may be necessary for these objects, there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere.
Perhaps his views changed between his time in Congress and becoming president. But it’s doubtful given his involvement in the creation of the state of West Virginia during the Civil War, which provided his party additional electoral votes and congressional representation — an act Lincoln’s own attorney general believed was unconstitutional.Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the power, have the right to rise up and shake off the existing government, and form a new one that suits them better. This is a most valuable, a most sacred right — a right which, we hope and believe, is to liberate the world. Nor is this right confined to cases in which the whole people of an existing government may choose to exercise it. Any portion of such people that can may revolutionize, and make their own of so much of the territory as they inhabit.
And consider this dire warning from the New York Evening Post in March of 1862:At one single blow our foreign commerce must be reduced to less than one-half what it now is. Our coastwise trade would pass into other hands. One-half of our shipping would lie idle at our wharves. We should lose our trade with the South, with all of its immense profits. Our manufactories would be in utter ruins. Let the South adopt the free-trade system, or that of a tariff for revenue, and these results would likely follow.
In the British journal, All the Year Round, Charles Dickens observed, “Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means the loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this as of many other evils.”That either the revenue from duties must be collected in the ports of the rebel states, or the port must be closed to importations from abroad, is generally admitted. If neither of these things be done, our revenue laws are substantially repealed; the sources which supply our treasury will be dried up; we shall have no money to carry on the government; the nation will become bankrupt before the next crop of corn is ripe.
Lincoln knew what he was doing when he ordered Fort Sumter to be resupplied. He was a cunning politician and Fort Sumter was his opportunity. He seized it believing it would be a short war.The idea that the Civil War was some sort of a morality play about freeing Southern slaves is an ideological distortion that obfuscates many of the atrocities that occurred during and after the war.
From all outward accounts, Lincoln wanted a war with the South — some might say he needed it. The loss of tax revenues from the Southern ports would not go unpunished, as he promised in his inaugural address. But after more than a year at war, the Union’s prospects for victory were in doubt.Events may prove it otherwise; and if they see their interest in separation, why should we take side with our Atlantic rather than our Missipi descendants? It is the elder and the younger son differing. God bless them both, & keep them in union, if it be for their good, but separate them, if it be better.
The Southern states were “in rebellion,” and Lincoln had no control over the Confederacy. Nor did he have the power to free the slaves in the South or the Union. That would require a Constitutional amendment, which wouldn’t occur until after the Civil War. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery.All persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.
While denying the charge that he was an abolitionist at a presidential debate, Lincoln expressed his views about the “black race,” all of whom he thought should be sent back to Africa or to an island in the Caribbean. In his speech on the Dred Scott decision:I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races, that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality.
While any reasonable person today would find these remarks abhorrent and bigoted, it was not outside the popular thinking of the period. In fact, the idea of the colonization of Black people was so popular that Lincoln proposed it as an amendment to the Constitution in his second annual message to Congress in 1862.I have said that the separation of the races is the only perfect preventive of amalgamation. I have no right to say all the members of the Republican party are in favor of this, nor to say that as a party they are in favor of it. There is nothing in their platform directly on the subject. But I can say a very large proportion of its members are for it, and that the chief plank in their platform — opposition to the spread of slavery — is most favorable to that separation. Such separation, if ever effected at all, must be effected by colonization.
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Everything You Know About the Civil War Is Wrong
It’s perhaps the most misunderstood event in the history of the United States — and, ironically, the one most Americans believe they fully comprehend
It’s likely difficult for many of us — and nearly impossible for younger generations — to imagine a world without air conditioning, refrigeration, and amply filled grocery stores. Which is nothing to say of a life without the internet, smartphones, and Amazon.
Consider for a moment that just over 150 years ago, many Americans didn’t live to see their 40th birthday — and one of the leading causes of death was dysentery.
Life in 1860 America, the year Abraham Lincoln was elected president, was nothing like it is today.
The Southern states were mostly rural, and agriculture was the primary industry. In the North, the industrial revolution was just beginning. Few Americans had more than a primary school education, and medicine was practically medieval.
Despite all these differences, many people today make value judgments about a time they wouldn’t even recognize.
Understanding any historical event requires context. But as generations pass, we internalize notions about why people behaved the way they did in the past. And often, we interpret stories of events through the lens of popular culture, which is most definitely not the accurate context.
The U.S. Civil War is chief among these events.
Most of us (including me) attended public schools where we were provided roughly the same instruction regarding the Civil War: Our country was composed of the North, where people opposed slavery, and the South, where slavery was embraced. Abraham Lincoln rose to the presidency and fought against the South to end slavery and saved the Union.
Like most of my peers, this story seemed plausible enough to me, and after all, it ended happily: Slaves were freed, and the Union remained intact.
Plausible enough until I read a couple of books by Charles Adams, a tax historian and author from New England — hardly a Southern extremist with an ax to grind.
In these fascinating books, Adams explored how taxation affected historical events and how the popular interpretation of the Civil War survives in the face of some obvious facts.
Consider that throughout the presidential campaign of 1860, then-candidate Lincoln had all but promised not to interfere with Southern slavery, which he reiterated in his first presidential inaugural address:
This seems to run contrary to conventional thinking. Wasn’t he an abolitionist?
Lincoln promised to enforce fugitive slave laws as president — laws passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory.
Indeed, Southern secession would have made slavery more precarious without the protection of the Constitution and the Supreme Court. From a slave property standpoint, staying in the Union made more sense than leaving.
Adding further confusion are the numerous accounts from contemporary newspapers from the North, South, and Europe — all of which tell the tale of a “tariff war,” not the popularly held notion that the Civil War was a “war against slavery.”
But if the war wasn’t over slavery, what then? Like most historical events, this too was complicated.
It’s too easy to assign blame for the Civil War on the South and slavery — and it’s intellectually lazy. Like many other conflicts, the Civil War was decades in the making and the culmination of unresolved issues between the Northern and Southern states. It finally came to a head during the 1860 presidential campaign and election.
To fully understand the Civil War, we must recognize we are dealing with two separate issues: the cause for secession and the cause of the war.
Secession
In 1860, nearly all federal tax revenue was generated by tariffs — there were no personal or corporate income taxes. And the Southern states were paying the majority of the tariffs (approximately 80%), and an impending new tariff would nearly triple the taxation rate.
Much of the tax revenues collected from imports in the South went to Northern industrial interests and had been for decades. The 1860 Republican platform promised more of the same, which was further eroding the trust of Southerners.
Remember that slave labor practices of the South contrasted greatly with the industries of the North. Without slave labor, most Southern plantations wouldn’t have survived; there simply weren’t enough workers. Slavery was inextricably linked to the South.
While the issue of slavery was, in fact, a primary concern for the South, the secessionist movement began decades before the Civil War.
In 1828, Congress passed a tariff of 62%, which applied to nearly all imported goods. The purpose of the tariff was to protect Northern industries from low-priced imported goods. But it effectively increased the cost of goods for the South, which relied heavily on imported goods.
At the same time, the tariff reduced the amount of British goods sold to the South, effectively making it more difficult for the British to pay for Southern cotton. It’s no wonder the South would refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the “Tariff of Abominations.”
The government of South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable, creating a precarious situation between the state and the federal government. President Andrew Jackson refused to accept South Carolina’s defiance. Without the Compromise Tariff of 1833, it’s likely that South Carolina would have moved to secede from the Union.
Crisis was averted, but tensions between the North and the South were just beginning.
More tariffs in 1842 and 1857 along with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision further divided the country. In May of 1860, the House of Representatives passed the Morrill Tariff bill, the 12th of 17 planks in the platform of the incoming Republican Party — and a priority for the soon-to-be-elected new president.
Charles Dickens, from his journal All the Year Round, observed, “The last grievance of the South was the Morrill tariff, passed as an election bribe to the State of Pennsylvania, imposing, among other things, a duty of no less than fifty per cent on the importation of pig iron, in which that State is especially interested.”
Soon after, the United States elected its first “sectionalist” president, Abraham Lincoln. And the rupture of the Union was finally at hand.
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana soon followed, and before Lincoln’s inauguration, Texas and Georgia were added to the list.
At the outset of the war, Lincoln called on volunteers from all states to “put down the rebellion.” Refusing to bear arms against their Southern brethren, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded.
Of the 11 seceding states, only six cited slavery as the primary cause for leaving the Union.
Saving the Union
While in his inaugural address, Lincoln promised not “to interfere with the institution of slavery,” he also argued, “no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union.” Then he threw down the gauntlet against rebellion:
Lincoln argued that secession was legally and constitutionally impossible, a view that stood in stark contrast to his stated beliefs while a member of Congress just 12 years earlier. In an 1848 speech in the House of Representatives regarding the war with Mexico, Lincoln argued in favor of secession:
Perhaps his views changed between his time in Congress and becoming president. But it’s doubtful given his involvement in the creation of the state of West Virginia during the Civil War, which provided his party additional electoral votes and congressional representation — an act Lincoln’s own attorney general believed was unconstitutional.
It seems that Lincoln wasn’t opposed to secession if it served his political purposes. But now as president of a divided country, he was facing a challenge of potentially dire economic consequences. Had the Southern states been allowed to leave the Union, they would have taken with them millions in tax revenues.
After the first states seceded, many in the Northern press expressed opposition to war with the South. Writing in the New York Tribune, Horace Greeley declared, “We hope never to live in a republic where one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets.” The Tribune was among the great newspapers of its time, an influential journal of the Republican Party, and Greeley was among the day’s opinion leaders.
Many of Lincoln’s advisers also recommended against any action that might lead to a war with the South. Even Lincoln’s top Army commander wanted nothing to do with war. “Let the wayward sisters depart in peace,” urged Gen. Winfield Scott.
Secretary of State William Seward also advised the new president to let the rebellious states go and avoid actions that could upset the states of the upper South. He thought that, eventually, the aggrieved states would see the error of their ways and campaign for reunification. “I do not think it wise to provoke a Civil War beginning in Charleston and in rescue of an untenable position,” Seward insisted.
But before long, Northern newspaper editors did the math and realized what secession meant for Northern enterprises. In addition to the loss of tax revenue, the South’s free trade position would’ve had dire consequences for Northern ports.
In his inaugural speech as governor of South Carolina, Francis W. Picks pledged the state would “open her ports free to the tonnage and trade of all nations” should secession occur.
The Daily Chicago Times foretold the impending economic disaster:
And consider this dire warning from the New York Evening Post in March of 1862:
In the British journal, All the Year Round, Charles Dickens observed, “Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means the loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this as of many other evils.”
Meanwhile, hundreds of commercial importers in New York and Boston refused to pay duties on imported goods unless the same were collected at Southern ports. This was after the state of New York considered leaving the Union and joining “our aggrieved brethren of the Slave States.”
Even though Lincoln was elected president, he had done so with almost no support from the South and less than 40% of the popular vote. And in a move that many refer to as “political genius,” Lincoln appointed his political rivals to cabinet positions, ostensibly to destroy enemies by making them friends — a move that would lead to disloyalty and backroom drama.
Moreover, those cabinet appointments caused disappointment with allies who had supported Lincoln’s candidacy. Joseph Medill of the Chicago Tribune was especially miffed he didn’t receive anything from the new president saying, “We made Abe and by God — we can unmake him.”
Meanwhile, the South was moving forward to organize as a new nation. On February 8, 1861, the Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed and inaugurated Jefferson Davis as its president. There was, it seemed, no way to remedy the secession issue and its associated financial stress on the North — except by forcing the South to rejoin the Union.
But the last thing the Confederacy wanted was a war.
In fact, soon after Jefferson Davis became the first president of the CSA, he dispatched a commission to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a treaty and an offer to pay for all federal property in the South. But Lincoln refused to meet, believing acknowledgment would discredit his position that secession was illegal.
And that thinking also thwarted the final attempt to resolve the dilemma through peaceful means.
The war begins
At the time Southern states began seceding, many of the Union forts within their borders were abandoned. At the start of the Civil War, the U.S. military (and government) looked very different from what we have today. The United States had a standing army of about 16,000 men in 1861, most of whom served in poorly equipped outposts.
Fort Sumter, a sparsely populated duty collection point in Charleston harbor, was one of the few forts where Union personnel remained. As was evident from Lincoln’s contemporaries, an attempt to send Union troops into any of the Confederate states would provoke a war.
Lincoln knew that if South Carolina and the Confederacy allowed the fort to be provisioned, it would make a mockery of their sovereignty. And if the Confederacy fired on the Union ships, it would have been the Confederacy, not Lincoln, who fired the first shots of the war.
“He was a master of the situation,” wrote Lincoln’s private secretaries John G. Nicolay and John Hay. “Master if the rebels hesitated or repented, because they would thereby forfeit their prestige with the South; master if they persisted, for he would then command a united North.”
Lincoln knew what he was doing when he ordered Fort Sumter to be resupplied. He was a cunning politician and Fort Sumter was his opportunity. He seized it believing it would be a short war.
Viewing the Civil War as a crusade to end slavery is simply not correct; abolitionists never accounted for more than a sizable minority in the North. The cause of war in 1861 wasn’t slavery. It was about the loss of millions in tax revenues.
In reality, it wasn’t even a Civil War. The Confederate states had no aspirations to rule the Union any more than George Washington sought control over Great Britain in 1776. In both the American Revolutionary War and the Civil War, independence was the goal.
The idea that the Civil War was some sort of a morality play about freeing Southern slaves is an ideological distortion that obfuscates many of the atrocities that occurred during and after the war.
But if we accept the idea that Lincoln was waging war to free the slaves, it helps justify the loss of over 600,000 American lives. Not to mention the financial cost of the war, which many historians believe could have been avoided.
After all, this wasn’t the first time a U.S. president faced the issue of secession. From 1800 to 1815, three serious attempts at secession were orchestrated by New England Federalists who were infuriated by what they believed were unconstitutional acts by President Thomas Jefferson.
Among the voices for secession was Connecticut Sen. James Hillhouse, who declared, “The Eastern States must and will dissolve the Union and form a separate government. I will rather anticipate a new confederacy, exempt from the corrupt and corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic Democrats of the South.”
“There will be — and our children at farthest will see it — a separation. The white and black population will mark the boundary,” wrote Timothy Pickering, the prominent senator from Massachusetts.
It was the belief of Hillhouse, Pickering, John Quincy Adams, and others that the South was gaining too much power and influence at a cost to the New England states.
What was Jefferson’s response to the threat of secession? It certainly wasn’t war:
From all outward accounts, Lincoln wanted a war with the South — some might say he needed it. The loss of tax revenues from the Southern ports would not go unpunished, as he promised in his inaugural address. But after more than a year at war, the Union’s prospects for victory were in doubt.
The reality of the war
Losses to the Army in significant battles had the Union mired in a bloody quagmire. Moreover, Britain and France were considering support for the Confederacy by recognizing it as a sovereign country, which could have solidified secession and put Lincoln’s forces at risk of having to fight against Confederate allies from Europe.
Until September 1862, the stated purpose of the war had been to preserve the Union. With the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sought to change the focus of the war. But the Emancipation Proclamation freed no one. Not a single slave:
The Southern states were “in rebellion,” and Lincoln had no control over the Confederacy. Nor did he have the power to free the slaves in the South or the Union. That would require a Constitutional amendment, which wouldn’t occur until after the Civil War. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery.
Indeed, this was a last-ditch effort to incapacitate the Confederate Army. Lincoln hoped that it would entice Southern slaves to leave and join the ranks of the Union Army, depleting the Confederacy’s labor force that was sorely needed to wage war against the Union.
Woodrow Wilson, writing in History of the American People, proposed, “It was necessary to put the South at a moral disadvantage by transforming the contest from a war waged against states fighting for their independence into a war waged against states fighting for the maintenance and extension of slavery.”
Prior to the proclamation, Lincoln confessed to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”
The myth of Lincoln
A remarkable number of popular beliefs about the Civil War fail critical scrutiny. Not just the causes of secession and the war but many other elements of the period.
For all that has been written about Lincoln, so few texts accurately portray his presidency. Reading Lincoln’s own words quickly dismantles the legend:
While denying the charge that he was an abolitionist at a presidential debate, Lincoln expressed his views about the “black race,” all of whom he thought should be sent back to Africa or to an island in the Caribbean. In his speech on the Dred Scott decision:
While any reasonable person today would find these remarks abhorrent and bigoted, it was not outside the popular thinking of the period. In fact, the idea of the colonization of Black people was so popular that Lincoln proposed it as an amendment to the Constitution in his second annual message to Congress in 1862.
Colonization was a staple of Lincoln’s speeches and public comments from 1854 until about 1863. Lincoln’s views on race contrast sharply with his modern era image as the “Great Emancipator.” Indeed, his public remarks, which are well-documented, indicate he had little regard for Black people.
And this is where the myth of the sympathetic North begins to unravel. While there was a strong abolitionist movement in the North, it was so small that Lincoln and other politicians didn’t associate themselves with it.
Most white Northerners treated Black people with disdain, discrimination, and violence during the period leading up to the Civil War. Black people were not allowed to vote, marry, or use the judicial system.
As Alexis de Tocqueville observed in Democracy in America, “The prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery, than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.”
While the Emancipation Proclamation gave Lincoln some breathing room, he still had a tough road before him. The Union was having difficulty getting volunteers to fight in the war, so Congress enacted the nation’s first military draft act.
In New York City, a town deeply divided over the war, the new conscription law did not sit well with the general population. Not only were the wealthy allowed to buy their way out of the draft, but it excluded Black people.
The day after the draft lottery began, demonstrations broke out across New York City and soon morphed into a violent uprising. The New York draft riots lasted four days. Black men were lynched, private property was destroyed, and over 100 people lost their lives.
How a myth becomes ‘fact’
Prior to his assassination, Lincoln was often depicted in contemporary media as cowardly, devious, grotesque, and animal-like. During his presidency and for many years after his death, he was the object of much scorn and derision.
It’s not difficult to understand why. He started a war without the consent of Congress, had men conscripted into fighting the war, suspended habeas corpus, had cities burned, imprisoned political enemies, and had dissenting newspapers shut down and the owners imprisoned.
With so much overwhelming evidence available today, how does the fable of Lincoln and his war continue? In part, it’s because average Americans are unfamiliar with a good deal of history and geography. A 2015 survey released by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni revealed only half the U.S. American public could correctly identify when the Civil War took place.
Popular culture has played a significant role in shaping perceptions as well. In 1906, Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews published the short story “The Perfect Tribute,” which depicted Lincoln writing and delivering the Gettysburg Address but thinking it was an utter failure. Later, he comforted a Confederate captain as he died in a prison hospital, and the captain, who did not recognize Lincoln, praised the address as “one of the great speeches in history.”
The wildly popular work of fiction, which was largely responsible for the myth that Lincoln wrote the address on the train in route to Gettysburg, was assigned reading for many generations of schoolchildren in the United States.
John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of Lincoln made him a martyr. His legacy was reconstructed through written accounts (more than 16,000 books have been published), memorialized on Mount Rushmore and in the lavish memorial in Washington, D.C., and lionized in movies.
In the wake of Lincoln’s legend, the Republican Party controlled national politics and set the national tone for almost three-quarters of a century following the Civil War, winning 16 of 18 presidential elections.
Most texts about the Civil War and biographies of Abraham Lincoln gloss over his shortcomings, suggesting the ends somehow justify the means. But as historians continue to excavate Lincoln’s life and times, with each unturned stone, another fable is tarnished and truth revealed.
Maybe I glow to you but how is this not a worthwhile conversation? The American Civil War- the very point where rights were challenged and reached a boiling point. Where 'don't tread on me' had the rubber hit the road. Conflicting ideologies came together and we've never seen even one comparable battle on this entire continent. If this isn't worth your time then I'd humbly suggest you go back to High School history classes because you're missing out on so many important things my friend.Either lucky duck is a fed boi or a relative of Maggot, not sure which.
Maybe I glow to you but how is this not a worthwhile conversation? The American Civil War- the very point where rights were challenged and reached a boiling point. Where 'don't tread on me' had the rubber hit the road. Conflicting ideologies came together and we've never seen even one comparable battle on this entire continent. If this isn't worth your time then I'd humbly suggest you go back to High School history classes because you're missing out on so many important things my friend.
-LD
Howdy 1J04- don't suppose you'd have any Civil War stories to share with the group? If so- I'd love to hear 'em. Don't worry about mcameron and his cohorts of flying monkeys- I'm sure that he received the same warning that I did about how to conduct oneself without shiting in one's own hand.
-LD
Either lucky duck is a fed boi or a relative of Maggot, not sure which.
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Everything You Know About the Civil War Is Wrong
It’s perhaps the most misunderstood event in the history of the United States — and, ironically, the one most Americans believe they fully comprehend
It’s likely difficult for many of us — and nearly impossible for younger generations — to imagine a world without air conditioning, refrigeration, and amply filled grocery stores. Which is nothing to say of a life without the internet, smartphones, and Amazon.
Consider for a moment that just over 150 years ago, many Americans didn’t live to see their 40th birthday — and one of the leading causes of death was dysentery.
Life in 1860 America, the year Abraham Lincoln was elected president, was nothing like it is today.
The Southern states were mostly rural, and agriculture was the primary industry. In the North, the industrial revolution was just beginning. Few Americans had more than a primary school education, and medicine was practically medieval.
Despite all these differences, many people today make value judgments about a time they wouldn’t even recognize.
Understanding any historical event requires context. But as generations pass, we internalize notions about why people behaved the way they did in the past. And often, we interpret stories of events through the lens of popular culture, which is most definitely not the accurate context.
The U.S. Civil War is chief among these events.
Most of us (including me) attended public schools where we were provided roughly the same instruction regarding the Civil War: Our country was composed of the North, where people opposed slavery, and the South, where slavery was embraced. Abraham Lincoln rose to the presidency and fought against the South to end slavery and saved the Union.
Like most of my peers, this story seemed plausible enough to me, and after all, it ended happily: Slaves were freed, and the Union remained intact.
Plausible enough until I read a couple of books by Charles Adams, a tax historian and author from New England — hardly a Southern extremist with an ax to grind.
In these fascinating books, Adams explored how taxation affected historical events and how the popular interpretation of the Civil War survives in the face of some obvious facts.
Consider that throughout the presidential campaign of 1860, then-candidate Lincoln had all but promised not to interfere with Southern slavery, which he reiterated in his first presidential inaugural address:
This seems to run contrary to conventional thinking. Wasn’t he an abolitionist?
Lincoln promised to enforce fugitive slave laws as president — laws passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory.
Indeed, Southern secession would have made slavery more precarious without the protection of the Constitution and the Supreme Court. From a slave property standpoint, staying in the Union made more sense than leaving.
Adding further confusion are the numerous accounts from contemporary newspapers from the North, South, and Europe — all of which tell the tale of a “tariff war,” not the popularly held notion that the Civil War was a “war against slavery.”
But if the war wasn’t over slavery, what then? Like most historical events, this too was complicated.
It’s too easy to assign blame for the Civil War on the South and slavery — and it’s intellectually lazy. Like many other conflicts, the Civil War was decades in the making and the culmination of unresolved issues between the Northern and Southern states. It finally came to a head during the 1860 presidential campaign and election.
To fully understand the Civil War, we must recognize we are dealing with two separate issues: the cause for secession and the cause of the war.
Secession
In 1860, nearly all federal tax revenue was generated by tariffs — there were no personal or corporate income taxes. And the Southern states were paying the majority of the tariffs (approximately 80%), and an impending new tariff would nearly triple the taxation rate.
Much of the tax revenues collected from imports in the South went to Northern industrial interests and had been for decades. The 1860 Republican platform promised more of the same, which was further eroding the trust of Southerners.
Remember that slave labor practices of the South contrasted greatly with the industries of the North. Without slave labor, most Southern plantations wouldn’t have survived; there simply weren’t enough workers. Slavery was inextricably linked to the South.
While the issue of slavery was, in fact, a primary concern for the South, the secessionist movement began decades before the Civil War.
In 1828, Congress passed a tariff of 62%, which applied to nearly all imported goods. The purpose of the tariff was to protect Northern industries from low-priced imported goods. But it effectively increased the cost of goods for the South, which relied heavily on imported goods.
At the same time, the tariff reduced the amount of British goods sold to the South, effectively making it more difficult for the British to pay for Southern cotton. It’s no wonder the South would refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the “Tariff of Abominations.”
The government of South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable, creating a precarious situation between the state and the federal government. President Andrew Jackson refused to accept South Carolina’s defiance. Without the Compromise Tariff of 1833, it’s likely that South Carolina would have moved to secede from the Union.
Crisis was averted, but tensions between the North and the South were just beginning.
More tariffs in 1842 and 1857 along with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision further divided the country. In May of 1860, the House of Representatives passed the Morrill Tariff bill, the 12th of 17 planks in the platform of the incoming Republican Party — and a priority for the soon-to-be-elected new president.
Charles Dickens, from his journal All the Year Round, observed, “The last grievance of the South was the Morrill tariff, passed as an election bribe to the State of Pennsylvania, imposing, among other things, a duty of no less than fifty per cent on the importation of pig iron, in which that State is especially interested.”
Soon after, the United States elected its first “sectionalist” president, Abraham Lincoln. And the rupture of the Union was finally at hand.
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana soon followed, and before Lincoln’s inauguration, Texas and Georgia were added to the list.
At the outset of the war, Lincoln called on volunteers from all states to “put down the rebellion.” Refusing to bear arms against their Southern brethren, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded.
Of the 11 seceding states, only six cited slavery as the primary cause for leaving the Union.
Saving the Union
While in his inaugural address, Lincoln promised not “to interfere with the institution of slavery,” he also argued, “no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union.” Then he threw down the gauntlet against rebellion:
Lincoln argued that secession was legally and constitutionally impossible, a view that stood in stark contrast to his stated beliefs while a member of Congress just 12 years earlier. In an 1848 speech in the House of Representatives regarding the war with Mexico, Lincoln argued in favor of secession:
Perhaps his views changed between his time in Congress and becoming president. But it’s doubtful given his involvement in the creation of the state of West Virginia during the Civil War, which provided his party additional electoral votes and congressional representation — an act Lincoln’s own attorney general believed was unconstitutional.
It seems that Lincoln wasn’t opposed to secession if it served his political purposes. But now as president of a divided country, he was facing a challenge of potentially dire economic consequences. Had the Southern states been allowed to leave the Union, they would have taken with them millions in tax revenues.
After the first states seceded, many in the Northern press expressed opposition to war with the South. Writing in the New York Tribune, Horace Greeley declared, “We hope never to live in a republic where one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets.” The Tribune was among the great newspapers of its time, an influential journal of the Republican Party, and Greeley was among the day’s opinion leaders.
Many of Lincoln’s advisers also recommended against any action that might lead to a war with the South. Even Lincoln’s top Army commander wanted nothing to do with war. “Let the wayward sisters depart in peace,” urged Gen. Winfield Scott.
Secretary of State William Seward also advised the new president to let the rebellious states go and avoid actions that could upset the states of the upper South. He thought that, eventually, the aggrieved states would see the error of their ways and campaign for reunification. “I do not think it wise to provoke a Civil War beginning in Charleston and in rescue of an untenable position,” Seward insisted.
But before long, Northern newspaper editors did the math and realized what secession meant for Northern enterprises. In addition to the loss of tax revenue, the South’s free trade position would’ve had dire consequences for Northern ports.
In his inaugural speech as governor of South Carolina, Francis W. Picks pledged the state would “open her ports free to the tonnage and trade of all nations” should secession occur.
The Daily Chicago Times foretold the impending economic disaster:
And consider this dire warning from the New York Evening Post in March of 1862:
In the British journal, All the Year Round, Charles Dickens observed, “Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means the loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this as of many other evils.”
Meanwhile, hundreds of commercial importers in New York and Boston refused to pay duties on imported goods unless the same were collected at Southern ports. This was after the state of New York considered leaving the Union and joining “our aggrieved brethren of the Slave States.”
Even though Lincoln was elected president, he had done so with almost no support from the South and less than 40% of the popular vote. And in a move that many refer to as “political genius,” Lincoln appointed his political rivals to cabinet positions, ostensibly to destroy enemies by making them friends — a move that would lead to disloyalty and backroom drama.
Moreover, those cabinet appointments caused disappointment with allies who had supported Lincoln’s candidacy. Joseph Medill of the Chicago Tribune was especially miffed he didn’t receive anything from the new president saying, “We made Abe and by God — we can unmake him.”
Meanwhile, the South was moving forward to organize as a new nation. On February 8, 1861, the Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed and inaugurated Jefferson Davis as its president. There was, it seemed, no way to remedy the secession issue and its associated financial stress on the North — except by forcing the South to rejoin the Union.
But the last thing the Confederacy wanted was a war.
In fact, soon after Jefferson Davis became the first president of the CSA, he dispatched a commission to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a treaty and an offer to pay for all federal property in the South. But Lincoln refused to meet, believing acknowledgment would discredit his position that secession was illegal.
And that thinking also thwarted the final attempt to resolve the dilemma through peaceful means.
The war begins
At the time Southern states began seceding, many of the Union forts within their borders were abandoned. At the start of the Civil War, the U.S. military (and government) looked very different from what we have today. The United States had a standing army of about 16,000 men in 1861, most of whom served in poorly equipped outposts.
Fort Sumter, a sparsely populated duty collection point in Charleston harbor, was one of the few forts where Union personnel remained. As was evident from Lincoln’s contemporaries, an attempt to send Union troops into any of the Confederate states would provoke a war.
Lincoln knew that if South Carolina and the Confederacy allowed the fort to be provisioned, it would make a mockery of their sovereignty. And if the Confederacy fired on the Union ships, it would have been the Confederacy, not Lincoln, who fired the first shots of the war.
“He was a master of the situation,” wrote Lincoln’s private secretaries John G. Nicolay and John Hay. “Master if the rebels hesitated or repented, because they would thereby forfeit their prestige with the South; master if they persisted, for he would then command a united North.”
Lincoln knew what he was doing when he ordered Fort Sumter to be resupplied. He was a cunning politician and Fort Sumter was his opportunity. He seized it believing it would be a short war.
Viewing the Civil War as a crusade to end slavery is simply not correct; abolitionists never accounted for more than a sizable minority in the North. The cause of war in 1861 wasn’t slavery. It was about the loss of millions in tax revenues.
In reality, it wasn’t even a Civil War. The Confederate states had no aspirations to rule the Union any more than George Washington sought control over Great Britain in 1776. In both the American Revolutionary War and the Civil War, independence was the goal.
The idea that the Civil War was some sort of a morality play about freeing Southern slaves is an ideological distortion that obfuscates many of the atrocities that occurred during and after the war.
But if we accept the idea that Lincoln was waging war to free the slaves, it helps justify the loss of over 600,000 American lives. Not to mention the financial cost of the war, which many historians believe could have been avoided.
After all, this wasn’t the first time a U.S. president faced the issue of secession. From 1800 to 1815, three serious attempts at secession were orchestrated by New England Federalists who were infuriated by what they believed were unconstitutional acts by President Thomas Jefferson.
Among the voices for secession was Connecticut Sen. James Hillhouse, who declared, “The Eastern States must and will dissolve the Union and form a separate government. I will rather anticipate a new confederacy, exempt from the corrupt and corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic Democrats of the South.”
“There will be — and our children at farthest will see it — a separation. The white and black population will mark the boundary,” wrote Timothy Pickering, the prominent senator from Massachusetts.
It was the belief of Hillhouse, Pickering, John Quincy Adams, and others that the South was gaining too much power and influence at a cost to the New England states.
What was Jefferson’s response to the threat of secession? It certainly wasn’t war:
From all outward accounts, Lincoln wanted a war with the South — some might say he needed it. The loss of tax revenues from the Southern ports would not go unpunished, as he promised in his inaugural address. But after more than a year at war, the Union’s prospects for victory were in doubt.
The reality of the war
Losses to the Army in significant battles had the Union mired in a bloody quagmire. Moreover, Britain and France were considering support for the Confederacy by recognizing it as a sovereign country, which could have solidified secession and put Lincoln’s forces at risk of having to fight against Confederate allies from Europe.
Until September 1862, the stated purpose of the war had been to preserve the Union. With the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sought to change the focus of the war. But the Emancipation Proclamation freed no one. Not a single slave:
The Southern states were “in rebellion,” and Lincoln had no control over the Confederacy. Nor did he have the power to free the slaves in the South or the Union. That would require a Constitutional amendment, which wouldn’t occur until after the Civil War. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery.
Indeed, this was a last-ditch effort to incapacitate the Confederate Army. Lincoln hoped that it would entice Southern slaves to leave and join the ranks of the Union Army, depleting the Confederacy’s labor force that was sorely needed to wage war against the Union.
Woodrow Wilson, writing in History of the American People, proposed, “It was necessary to put the South at a moral disadvantage by transforming the contest from a war waged against states fighting for their independence into a war waged against states fighting for the maintenance and extension of slavery.”
Prior to the proclamation, Lincoln confessed to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”
The myth of Lincoln
A remarkable number of popular beliefs about the Civil War fail critical scrutiny. Not just the causes of secession and the war but many other elements of the period.
For all that has been written about Lincoln, so few texts accurately portray his presidency. Reading Lincoln’s own words quickly dismantles the legend:
While denying the charge that he was an abolitionist at a presidential debate, Lincoln expressed his views about the “black race,” all of whom he thought should be sent back to Africa or to an island in the Caribbean. In his speech on the Dred Scott decision:
While any reasonable person today would find these remarks abhorrent and bigoted, it was not outside the popular thinking of the period. In fact, the idea of the colonization of Black people was so popular that Lincoln proposed it as an amendment to the Constitution in his second annual message to Congress in 1862.
Colonization was a staple of Lincoln’s speeches and public comments from 1854 until about 1863. Lincoln’s views on race contrast sharply with his modern era image as the “Great Emancipator.” Indeed, his public remarks, which are well-documented, indicate he had little regard for Black people.
And this is where the myth of the sympathetic North begins to unravel. While there was a strong abolitionist movement in the North, it was so small that Lincoln and other politicians didn’t associate themselves with it.
Most white Northerners treated Black people with disdain, discrimination, and violence during the period leading up to the Civil War. Black people were not allowed to vote, marry, or use the judicial system.
As Alexis de Tocqueville observed in Democracy in America, “The prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery, than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.”
While the Emancipation Proclamation gave Lincoln some breathing room, he still had a tough road before him. The Union was having difficulty getting volunteers to fight in the war, so Congress enacted the nation’s first military draft act.
In New York City, a town deeply divided over the war, the new conscription law did not sit well with the general population. Not only were the wealthy allowed to buy their way out of the draft, but it excluded Black people.
The day after the draft lottery began, demonstrations broke out across New York City and soon morphed into a violent uprising. The New York draft riots lasted four days. Black men were lynched, private property was destroyed, and over 100 people lost their lives.
How a myth becomes ‘fact’
Prior to his assassination, Lincoln was often depicted in contemporary media as cowardly, devious, grotesque, and animal-like. During his presidency and for many years after his death, he was the object of much scorn and derision.
It’s not difficult to understand why. He started a war without the consent of Congress, had men conscripted into fighting the war, suspended habeas corpus, had cities burned, imprisoned political enemies, and had dissenting newspapers shut down and the owners imprisoned.
With so much overwhelming evidence available today, how does the fable of Lincoln and his war continue? In part, it’s because average Americans are unfamiliar with a good deal of history and geography. A 2015 survey released by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni revealed only half the U.S. American public could correctly identify when the Civil War took place.
Popular culture has played a significant role in shaping perceptions as well. In 1906, Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews published the short story “The Perfect Tribute,” which depicted Lincoln writing and delivering the Gettysburg Address but thinking it was an utter failure. Later, he comforted a Confederate captain as he died in a prison hospital, and the captain, who did not recognize Lincoln, praised the address as “one of the great speeches in history.”
The wildly popular work of fiction, which was largely responsible for the myth that Lincoln wrote the address on the train in route to Gettysburg, was assigned reading for many generations of schoolchildren in the United States.
John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of Lincoln made him a martyr. His legacy was reconstructed through written accounts (more than 16,000 books have been published), memorialized on Mount Rushmore and in the lavish memorial in Washington, D.C., and lionized in movies.
In the wake of Lincoln’s legend, the Republican Party controlled national politics and set the national tone for almost three-quarters of a century following the Civil War, winning 16 of 18 presidential elections.
Most texts about the Civil War and biographies of Abraham Lincoln gloss over his shortcomings, suggesting the ends somehow justify the means. But as historians continue to excavate Lincoln’s life and times, with each unturned stone, another fable is tarnished and truth revealed.
Seek help- seriously. There is medication available to make you feel better. I already had to promise that I'd behave and not engage with you or your fellow cucks... Just trying to keep this professional here- Any cool Civil War Stories you have to share with the group? Remember this- likely somebody outside of the Hide will google this very same question and their search might lead them to making an account here and maybe even being a supporting member chipping in each month for all the Hide has to offer. And then there's you & your cohorts- Are you really providing value to the Hide Community or scaring potential members away? Something to think about I hope.i dunno, are you going to keep making threads asking us to pretend were women so we can write reviews of dildos for you?
you going to keep making threads for every war ever? i think were missing threads on the bay of pigs and the war of 1812
you going to keep calling people cuttle fish cucks when we dont help you live out your tranny fantasies?
you going to keep posting vaguely pedo shit?
you tell me boss.
Geezus H Krist! Don't tell me the Maggot clan bared offspring! I thought they were all adopted due to being gay and unable to conceive a butt baby.
Respectfully- you sound vaccinated sir. Have a good night (really)."you and your fellow cucks"
...oh but youre "trying to be professional"....
and who the fuck do you think you are? people are going to flock to the site because of you and your posts about highschoolers reviewing dildos and how not wanting to comment on sex toys is "whats wrong with todays youth"...?
...and anyone who doesnt reinforce your delusions is "driving membership away"?
dude get over yourself.
Lincoln was a dictatorial asshole, the Civil War was fought over states rights, and if the South had won we would not have the overbearing, out of control, oppressive federal government we have today.
So, why would you imagine buttons and buckles were found on the battlefield other than they once adorned complete articles of clothing and in the clothing were casualties.I live in Mechanicsville VA. Within 15 miles of where I live there are 7 battlefields. Most notable one is Cold Harbor. Most are from the Seven Days Battles during the Peninsula Campaign in 1862. Then back again in 1864. When the troops came back in 1864 there were still bones in the ground from the dead killed in 1862.... My best find is from the Battle of Seven Pines near the Richmond Airport. I was on ground covered by General Hood and his Texans. I dug up a TX17... a cuff button from an officers uniform with the Texas Star on it. On another site, Savages Station I hit a spot and dug up over 125 dropped 58cal mini balls, probably from a broken bullet keg. Savage's Station was a Union Supply Depot.
Union ammo box plate, sword scabbard tip, harmonica Reed, knapsack triangle buckle, leather rivets, various buttons
View attachment 8363325
You’ve earned a new SnipersHide Merit BadgeRespectfully- you sound vaccinated sir. Have a good night (really).
-LD
He must be a wolf. He’s here to save the day."you and your fellow cucks"
...oh but youre "trying to be professional"....
and who the fuck do you think you are? people are going to flock to the site because of you and your posts about highschoolers reviewing dildos and how not wanting to comment on sex toys is "whats wrong with todays youth"...?
...and anyone who doesnt reinforce your delusions is "driving membership away"?
dude get over yourself.
The irony about Mr. Lincoln, he anguished long and hard about the Emancipation Proclamation and only relented as a last resort for ending the war and saving his presidency.Lincoln was a dictatorial asshole, the Civil War was fought over states rights, and if the South had won we would not have the overbearing, out of control, oppressive federal government we have today.
I have a Confederate Soldier Statue across the street from me.If so please share your stories. This is how we keep history alive and honor those that came before us.
-LD
No, the bolsheviks would have arrived here the same time they did anyway.Lincoln was a dictatorial asshole, the Civil War was fought over states rights, and if the South had won we would not have the overbearing, out of control, oppressive federal government we have today.
I think the well deserved rancor, hatred and disgust the Right has for the Left is greater and more personal than the opposing sides in CWI.Do we have any Civil War buffs?
Are you asking about CW I or the early events of CW II?
Beg to differ. We would have two oppressive federal governments - one in the north, one in the south.Lincoln was a dictatorial asshole, the Civil War was fought over states rights, and if the South had won we would not have the overbearing, out of control, oppressive federal government we have today.
I'm sure there will be plenty of similar stories this time around. Imagine the kind of men willing to fight for this government. They definitely won't be held back by morals and valuesI remember my grandmother passing stories down of her family who owned a plantation in Mississippi during and the aftermath of the Civil War.
One in particular was when her grandmother gathered all the jewelry, silverware and fine china and hid it in a horse corral when they heard the Yankees were coming, knowing they would ransack the house and probably destroy or loot everything of value.
At seeing the Yankee's horses aproaching, the family horses began running in a circle in the corral, exposing the shiny silverwear. Luckily the yankees didn't see it as they were too busy inside cutting open the featherbeds.
Stories like this don't make me a Civil War expert like a Shelby Foote, but they did make an impression on me.
Wait so you’re telling me people like Lucky Duck and RioPrecision/DThomas are experts?Dude
You think we need to be experts on something to discuss it?
Are you new here?
P
I like to share this link with people
You will need to create an account to read this.
or not
Everything You Know About the Civil War Is Wrong
It’s perhaps the most misunderstood event in the history of the United States — and, ironically, the one most Americans believe they fully comprehend
It’s likely difficult for many of us — and nearly impossible for younger generations — to imagine a world without air conditioning, refrigeration, and amply filled grocery stores. Which is nothing to say of a life without the internet, smartphones, and Amazon.
Consider for a moment that just over 150 years ago, many Americans didn’t live to see their 40th birthday — and one of the leading causes of death was dysentery.
Life in 1860 America, the year Abraham Lincoln was elected president, was nothing like it is today.
The Southern states were mostly rural, and agriculture was the primary industry. In the North, the industrial revolution was just beginning. Few Americans had more than a primary school education, and medicine was practically medieval.
Despite all these differences, many people today make value judgments about a time they wouldn’t even recognize.
Understanding any historical event requires context. But as generations pass, we internalize notions about why people behaved the way they did in the past. And often, we interpret stories of events through the lens of popular culture, which is most definitely not the accurate context.
The U.S. Civil War is chief among these events.
Most of us (including me) attended public schools where we were provided roughly the same instruction regarding the Civil War: Our country was composed of the North, where people opposed slavery, and the South, where slavery was embraced. Abraham Lincoln rose to the presidency and fought against the South to end slavery and saved the Union.
Like most of my peers, this story seemed plausible enough to me, and after all, it ended happily: Slaves were freed, and the Union remained intact.
Plausible enough until I read a couple of books by Charles Adams, a tax historian and author from New England — hardly a Southern extremist with an ax to grind.
In these fascinating books, Adams explored how taxation affected historical events and how the popular interpretation of the Civil War survives in the face of some obvious facts.
Consider that throughout the presidential campaign of 1860, then-candidate Lincoln had all but promised not to interfere with Southern slavery, which he reiterated in his first presidential inaugural address:
This seems to run contrary to conventional thinking. Wasn’t he an abolitionist?
Lincoln promised to enforce fugitive slave laws as president — laws passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory.
Indeed, Southern secession would have made slavery more precarious without the protection of the Constitution and the Supreme Court. From a slave property standpoint, staying in the Union made more sense than leaving.
Adding further confusion are the numerous accounts from contemporary newspapers from the North, South, and Europe — all of which tell the tale of a “tariff war,” not the popularly held notion that the Civil War was a “war against slavery.”
But if the war wasn’t over slavery, what then? Like most historical events, this too was complicated.
It’s too easy to assign blame for the Civil War on the South and slavery — and it’s intellectually lazy. Like many other conflicts, the Civil War was decades in the making and the culmination of unresolved issues between the Northern and Southern states. It finally came to a head during the 1860 presidential campaign and election.
To fully understand the Civil War, we must recognize we are dealing with two separate issues: the cause for secession and the cause of the war.
Secession
In 1860, nearly all federal tax revenue was generated by tariffs — there were no personal or corporate income taxes. And the Southern states were paying the majority of the tariffs (approximately 80%), and an impending new tariff would nearly triple the taxation rate.
Much of the tax revenues collected from imports in the South went to Northern industrial interests and had been for decades. The 1860 Republican platform promised more of the same, which was further eroding the trust of Southerners.
Remember that slave labor practices of the South contrasted greatly with the industries of the North. Without slave labor, most Southern plantations wouldn’t have survived; there simply weren’t enough workers. Slavery was inextricably linked to the South.
While the issue of slavery was, in fact, a primary concern for the South, the secessionist movement began decades before the Civil War.
In 1828, Congress passed a tariff of 62%, which applied to nearly all imported goods. The purpose of the tariff was to protect Northern industries from low-priced imported goods. But it effectively increased the cost of goods for the South, which relied heavily on imported goods.
At the same time, the tariff reduced the amount of British goods sold to the South, effectively making it more difficult for the British to pay for Southern cotton. It’s no wonder the South would refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the “Tariff of Abominations.”
The government of South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable, creating a precarious situation between the state and the federal government. President Andrew Jackson refused to accept South Carolina’s defiance. Without the Compromise Tariff of 1833, it’s likely that South Carolina would have moved to secede from the Union.
Crisis was averted, but tensions between the North and the South were just beginning.
More tariffs in 1842 and 1857 along with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision further divided the country. In May of 1860, the House of Representatives passed the Morrill Tariff bill, the 12th of 17 planks in the platform of the incoming Republican Party — and a priority for the soon-to-be-elected new president.
Charles Dickens, from his journal All the Year Round, observed, “The last grievance of the South was the Morrill tariff, passed as an election bribe to the State of Pennsylvania, imposing, among other things, a duty of no less than fifty per cent on the importation of pig iron, in which that State is especially interested.”
Soon after, the United States elected its first “sectionalist” president, Abraham Lincoln. And the rupture of the Union was finally at hand.
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana soon followed, and before Lincoln’s inauguration, Texas and Georgia were added to the list.
At the outset of the war, Lincoln called on volunteers from all states to “put down the rebellion.” Refusing to bear arms against their Southern brethren, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded.
Of the 11 seceding states, only six cited slavery as the primary cause for leaving the Union.
Saving the Union
While in his inaugural address, Lincoln promised not “to interfere with the institution of slavery,” he also argued, “no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union.” Then he threw down the gauntlet against rebellion:
Lincoln argued that secession was legally and constitutionally impossible, a view that stood in stark contrast to his stated beliefs while a member of Congress just 12 years earlier. In an 1848 speech in the House of Representatives regarding the war with Mexico, Lincoln argued in favor of secession:
Perhaps his views changed between his time in Congress and becoming president. But it’s doubtful given his involvement in the creation of the state of West Virginia during the Civil War, which provided his party additional electoral votes and congressional representation — an act Lincoln’s own attorney general believed was unconstitutional.
It seems that Lincoln wasn’t opposed to secession if it served his political purposes. But now as president of a divided country, he was facing a challenge of potentially dire economic consequences. Had the Southern states been allowed to leave the Union, they would have taken with them millions in tax revenues.
After the first states seceded, many in the Northern press expressed opposition to war with the South. Writing in the New York Tribune, Horace Greeley declared, “We hope never to live in a republic where one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets.” The Tribune was among the great newspapers of its time, an influential journal of the Republican Party, and Greeley was among the day’s opinion leaders.
Many of Lincoln’s advisers also recommended against any action that might lead to a war with the South. Even Lincoln’s top Army commander wanted nothing to do with war. “Let the wayward sisters depart in peace,” urged Gen. Winfield Scott.
Secretary of State William Seward also advised the new president to let the rebellious states go and avoid actions that could upset the states of the upper South. He thought that, eventually, the aggrieved states would see the error of their ways and campaign for reunification. “I do not think it wise to provoke a Civil War beginning in Charleston and in rescue of an untenable position,” Seward insisted.
But before long, Northern newspaper editors did the math and realized what secession meant for Northern enterprises. In addition to the loss of tax revenue, the South’s free trade position would’ve had dire consequences for Northern ports.
In his inaugural speech as governor of South Carolina, Francis W. Picks pledged the state would “open her ports free to the tonnage and trade of all nations” should secession occur.
The Daily Chicago Times foretold the impending economic disaster:
And consider this dire warning from the New York Evening Post in March of 1862:
In the British journal, All the Year Round, Charles Dickens observed, “Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means the loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this as of many other evils.”
Meanwhile, hundreds of commercial importers in New York and Boston refused to pay duties on imported goods unless the same were collected at Southern ports. This was after the state of New York considered leaving the Union and joining “our aggrieved brethren of the Slave States.”
Even though Lincoln was elected president, he had done so with almost no support from the South and less than 40% of the popular vote. And in a move that many refer to as “political genius,” Lincoln appointed his political rivals to cabinet positions, ostensibly to destroy enemies by making them friends — a move that would lead to disloyalty and backroom drama.
Moreover, those cabinet appointments caused disappointment with allies who had supported Lincoln’s candidacy. Joseph Medill of the Chicago Tribune was especially miffed he didn’t receive anything from the new president saying, “We made Abe and by God — we can unmake him.”
Meanwhile, the South was moving forward to organize as a new nation. On February 8, 1861, the Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed and inaugurated Jefferson Davis as its president. There was, it seemed, no way to remedy the secession issue and its associated financial stress on the North — except by forcing the South to rejoin the Union.
But the last thing the Confederacy wanted was a war.
In fact, soon after Jefferson Davis became the first president of the CSA, he dispatched a commission to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a treaty and an offer to pay for all federal property in the South. But Lincoln refused to meet, believing acknowledgment would discredit his position that secession was illegal.
And that thinking also thwarted the final attempt to resolve the dilemma through peaceful means.
The war begins
At the time Southern states began seceding, many of the Union forts within their borders were abandoned. At the start of the Civil War, the U.S. military (and government) looked very different from what we have today. The United States had a standing army of about 16,000 men in 1861, most of whom served in poorly equipped outposts.
Fort Sumter, a sparsely populated duty collection point in Charleston harbor, was one of the few forts where Union personnel remained. As was evident from Lincoln’s contemporaries, an attempt to send Union troops into any of the Confederate states would provoke a war.
Lincoln knew that if South Carolina and the Confederacy allowed the fort to be provisioned, it would make a mockery of their sovereignty. And if the Confederacy fired on the Union ships, it would have been the Confederacy, not Lincoln, who fired the first shots of the war.
“He was a master of the situation,” wrote Lincoln’s private secretaries John G. Nicolay and John Hay. “Master if the rebels hesitated or repented, because they would thereby forfeit their prestige with the South; master if they persisted, for he would then command a united North.”
Lincoln knew what he was doing when he ordered Fort Sumter to be resupplied. He was a cunning politician and Fort Sumter was his opportunity. He seized it believing it would be a short war.
Viewing the Civil War as a crusade to end slavery is simply not correct; abolitionists never accounted for more than a sizable minority in the North. The cause of war in 1861 wasn’t slavery. It was about the loss of millions in tax revenues.
In reality, it wasn’t even a Civil War. The Confederate states had no aspirations to rule the Union any more than George Washington sought control over Great Britain in 1776. In both the American Revolutionary War and the Civil War, independence was the goal.
The idea that the Civil War was some sort of a morality play about freeing Southern slaves is an ideological distortion that obfuscates many of the atrocities that occurred during and after the war.
But if we accept the idea that Lincoln was waging war to free the slaves, it helps justify the loss of over 600,000 American lives. Not to mention the financial cost of the war, which many historians believe could have been avoided.
After all, this wasn’t the first time a U.S. president faced the issue of secession. From 1800 to 1815, three serious attempts at secession were orchestrated by New England Federalists who were infuriated by what they believed were unconstitutional acts by President Thomas Jefferson.
Among the voices for secession was Connecticut Sen. James Hillhouse, who declared, “The Eastern States must and will dissolve the Union and form a separate government. I will rather anticipate a new confederacy, exempt from the corrupt and corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic Democrats of the South.”
“There will be — and our children at farthest will see it — a separation. The white and black population will mark the boundary,” wrote Timothy Pickering, the prominent senator from Massachusetts.
It was the belief of Hillhouse, Pickering, John Quincy Adams, and others that the South was gaining too much power and influence at a cost to the New England states.
What was Jefferson’s response to the threat of secession? It certainly wasn’t war:
From all outward accounts, Lincoln wanted a war with the South — some might say he needed it. The loss of tax revenues from the Southern ports would not go unpunished, as he promised in his inaugural address. But after more than a year at war, the Union’s prospects for victory were in doubt.
The reality of the war
Losses to the Army in significant battles had the Union mired in a bloody quagmire. Moreover, Britain and France were considering support for the Confederacy by recognizing it as a sovereign country, which could have solidified secession and put Lincoln’s forces at risk of having to fight against Confederate allies from Europe.
Until September 1862, the stated purpose of the war had been to preserve the Union. With the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sought to change the focus of the war. But the Emancipation Proclamation freed no one. Not a single slave:
The Southern states were “in rebellion,” and Lincoln had no control over the Confederacy. Nor did he have the power to free the slaves in the South or the Union. That would require a Constitutional amendment, which wouldn’t occur until after the Civil War. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery.
Indeed, this was a last-ditch effort to incapacitate the Confederate Army. Lincoln hoped that it would entice Southern slaves to leave and join the ranks of the Union Army, depleting the Confederacy’s labor force that was sorely needed to wage war against the Union.
Woodrow Wilson, writing in History of the American People, proposed, “It was necessary to put the South at a moral disadvantage by transforming the contest from a war waged against states fighting for their independence into a war waged against states fighting for the maintenance and extension of slavery.”
Prior to the proclamation, Lincoln confessed to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”
The myth of Lincoln
A remarkable number of popular beliefs about the Civil War fail critical scrutiny. Not just the causes of secession and the war but many other elements of the period.
For all that has been written about Lincoln, so few texts accurately portray his presidency. Reading Lincoln’s own words quickly dismantles the legend:
While denying the charge that he was an abolitionist at a presidential debate, Lincoln expressed his views about the “black race,” all of whom he thought should be sent back to Africa or to an island in the Caribbean. In his speech on the Dred Scott decision:
While any reasonable person today would find these remarks abhorrent and bigoted, it was not outside the popular thinking of the period. In fact, the idea of the colonization of Black people was so popular that Lincoln proposed it as an amendment to the Constitution in his second annual message to Congress in 1862.
Colonization was a staple of Lincoln’s speeches and public comments from 1854 until about 1863. Lincoln’s views on race contrast sharply with his modern era image as the “Great Emancipator.” Indeed, his public remarks, which are well-documented, indicate he had little regard for Black people.
And this is where the myth of the sympathetic North begins to unravel. While there was a strong abolitionist movement in the North, it was so small that Lincoln and other politicians didn’t associate themselves with it.
Most white Northerners treated Black people with disdain, discrimination, and violence during the period leading up to the Civil War. Black people were not allowed to vote, marry, or use the judicial system.
As Alexis de Tocqueville observed in Democracy in America, “The prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery, than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.”
While the Emancipation Proclamation gave Lincoln some breathing room, he still had a tough road before him. The Union was having difficulty getting volunteers to fight in the war, so Congress enacted the nation’s first military draft act.
In New York City, a town deeply divided over the war, the new conscription law did not sit well with the general population. Not only were the wealthy allowed to buy their way out of the draft, but it excluded Black people.
The day after the draft lottery began, demonstrations broke out across New York City and soon morphed into a violent uprising. The New York draft riots lasted four days. Black men were lynched, private property was destroyed, and over 100 people lost their lives.
How a myth becomes ‘fact’
Prior to his assassination, Lincoln was often depicted in contemporary media as cowardly, devious, grotesque, and animal-like. During his presidency and for many years after his death, he was the object of much scorn and derision.
It’s not difficult to understand why. He started a war without the consent of Congress, had men conscripted into fighting the war, suspended habeas corpus, had cities burned, imprisoned political enemies, and had dissenting newspapers shut down and the owners imprisoned.
With so much overwhelming evidence available today, how does the fable of Lincoln and his war continue? In part, it’s because average Americans are unfamiliar with a good deal of history and geography. A 2015 survey released by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni revealed only half the U.S. American public could correctly identify when the Civil War took place.
Popular culture has played a significant role in shaping perceptions as well. In 1906, Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews published the short story “The Perfect Tribute,” which depicted Lincoln writing and delivering the Gettysburg Address but thinking it was an utter failure. Later, he comforted a Confederate captain as he died in a prison hospital, and the captain, who did not recognize Lincoln, praised the address as “one of the great speeches in history.”
The wildly popular work of fiction, which was largely responsible for the myth that Lincoln wrote the address on the train in route to Gettysburg, was assigned reading for many generations of schoolchildren in the United States.
John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of Lincoln made him a martyr. His legacy was reconstructed through written accounts (more than 16,000 books have been published), memorialized on Mount Rushmore and in the lavish memorial in Washington, D.C., and lionized in movies.
In the wake of Lincoln’s legend, the Republican Party controlled national politics and set the national tone for almost three-quarters of a century following the Civil War, winning 16 of 18 presidential elections.
Most texts about the Civil War and biographies of Abraham Lincoln gloss over his shortcomings, suggesting the ends somehow justify the means. But as historians continue to excavate Lincoln’s life and times, with each unturned stone, another fable is tarnished and truth revealed.
I remember my grandmother passing stories down of her family who owned a plantation in Mississippi during and the aftermath of the Civil War.
One in particular was when her grandmother gathered all the jewelry, silverware and fine china and hid it in a horse corral when they heard the Yankees were coming, knowing they would ransack the house and probably destroy or loot everything of value.
At seeing the Yankee's horses aproaching, the family horses began running in a circle in the corral, exposing the shiny silverwear. Luckily the yankees didn't see it as they were too busy inside cutting open the featherbeds.
Stories like this don't make me a Civil War expert like a Shelby Foote, but they did make an impression on me.
I like to share this link with people
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Everything You Know About the Civil War Is Wrong
It’s perhaps the most misunderstood event in the history of the United States — and, ironically, the one most Americans believe they fully comprehend
It’s likely difficult for many of us — and nearly impossible for younger generations — to imagine a world without air conditioning, refrigeration, and amply filled grocery stores. Which is nothing to say of a life without the internet, smartphones, and Amazon.
Consider for a moment that just over 150 years ago, many Americans didn’t live to see their 40th birthday — and one of the leading causes of death was dysentery.
Life in 1860 America, the year Abraham Lincoln was elected president, was nothing like it is today.
The Southern states were mostly rural, and agriculture was the primary industry. In the North, the industrial revolution was just beginning. Few Americans had more than a primary school education, and medicine was practically medieval.
Despite all these differences, many people today make value judgments about a time they wouldn’t even recognize.
Understanding any historical event requires context. But as generations pass, we internalize notions about why people behaved the way they did in the past. And often, we interpret stories of events through the lens of popular culture, which is most definitely not the accurate context.
The U.S. Civil War is chief among these events.
Most of us (including me) attended public schools where we were provided roughly the same instruction regarding the Civil War: Our country was composed of the North, where people opposed slavery, and the South, where slavery was embraced. Abraham Lincoln rose to the presidency and fought against the South to end slavery and saved the Union.
Like most of my peers, this story seemed plausible enough to me, and after all, it ended happily: Slaves were freed, and the Union remained intact.
Plausible enough until I read a couple of books by Charles Adams, a tax historian and author from New England — hardly a Southern extremist with an ax to grind.
In these fascinating books, Adams explored how taxation affected historical events and how the popular interpretation of the Civil War survives in the face of some obvious facts.
Consider that throughout the presidential campaign of 1860, then-candidate Lincoln had all but promised not to interfere with Southern slavery, which he reiterated in his first presidential inaugural address:
This seems to run contrary to conventional thinking. Wasn’t he an abolitionist?
Lincoln promised to enforce fugitive slave laws as president — laws passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 to provide for the return of slaves who escaped from one state into another state or territory.
Indeed, Southern secession would have made slavery more precarious without the protection of the Constitution and the Supreme Court. From a slave property standpoint, staying in the Union made more sense than leaving.
Adding further confusion are the numerous accounts from contemporary newspapers from the North, South, and Europe — all of which tell the tale of a “tariff war,” not the popularly held notion that the Civil War was a “war against slavery.”
But if the war wasn’t over slavery, what then? Like most historical events, this too was complicated.
It’s too easy to assign blame for the Civil War on the South and slavery — and it’s intellectually lazy. Like many other conflicts, the Civil War was decades in the making and the culmination of unresolved issues between the Northern and Southern states. It finally came to a head during the 1860 presidential campaign and election.
To fully understand the Civil War, we must recognize we are dealing with two separate issues: the cause for secession and the cause of the war.
Secession
In 1860, nearly all federal tax revenue was generated by tariffs — there were no personal or corporate income taxes. And the Southern states were paying the majority of the tariffs (approximately 80%), and an impending new tariff would nearly triple the taxation rate.
Much of the tax revenues collected from imports in the South went to Northern industrial interests and had been for decades. The 1860 Republican platform promised more of the same, which was further eroding the trust of Southerners.
Remember that slave labor practices of the South contrasted greatly with the industries of the North. Without slave labor, most Southern plantations wouldn’t have survived; there simply weren’t enough workers. Slavery was inextricably linked to the South.
While the issue of slavery was, in fact, a primary concern for the South, the secessionist movement began decades before the Civil War.
In 1828, Congress passed a tariff of 62%, which applied to nearly all imported goods. The purpose of the tariff was to protect Northern industries from low-priced imported goods. But it effectively increased the cost of goods for the South, which relied heavily on imported goods.
At the same time, the tariff reduced the amount of British goods sold to the South, effectively making it more difficult for the British to pay for Southern cotton. It’s no wonder the South would refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the “Tariff of Abominations.”
The government of South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable, creating a precarious situation between the state and the federal government. President Andrew Jackson refused to accept South Carolina’s defiance. Without the Compromise Tariff of 1833, it’s likely that South Carolina would have moved to secede from the Union.
Crisis was averted, but tensions between the North and the South were just beginning.
More tariffs in 1842 and 1857 along with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision further divided the country. In May of 1860, the House of Representatives passed the Morrill Tariff bill, the 12th of 17 planks in the platform of the incoming Republican Party — and a priority for the soon-to-be-elected new president.
Charles Dickens, from his journal All the Year Round, observed, “The last grievance of the South was the Morrill tariff, passed as an election bribe to the State of Pennsylvania, imposing, among other things, a duty of no less than fifty per cent on the importation of pig iron, in which that State is especially interested.”
Soon after, the United States elected its first “sectionalist” president, Abraham Lincoln. And the rupture of the Union was finally at hand.
On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana soon followed, and before Lincoln’s inauguration, Texas and Georgia were added to the list.
At the outset of the war, Lincoln called on volunteers from all states to “put down the rebellion.” Refusing to bear arms against their Southern brethren, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee seceded.
Of the 11 seceding states, only six cited slavery as the primary cause for leaving the Union.
Saving the Union
While in his inaugural address, Lincoln promised not “to interfere with the institution of slavery,” he also argued, “no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union.” Then he threw down the gauntlet against rebellion:
Lincoln argued that secession was legally and constitutionally impossible, a view that stood in stark contrast to his stated beliefs while a member of Congress just 12 years earlier. In an 1848 speech in the House of Representatives regarding the war with Mexico, Lincoln argued in favor of secession:
Perhaps his views changed between his time in Congress and becoming president. But it’s doubtful given his involvement in the creation of the state of West Virginia during the Civil War, which provided his party additional electoral votes and congressional representation — an act Lincoln’s own attorney general believed was unconstitutional.
It seems that Lincoln wasn’t opposed to secession if it served his political purposes. But now as president of a divided country, he was facing a challenge of potentially dire economic consequences. Had the Southern states been allowed to leave the Union, they would have taken with them millions in tax revenues.
After the first states seceded, many in the Northern press expressed opposition to war with the South. Writing in the New York Tribune, Horace Greeley declared, “We hope never to live in a republic where one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets.” The Tribune was among the great newspapers of its time, an influential journal of the Republican Party, and Greeley was among the day’s opinion leaders.
Many of Lincoln’s advisers also recommended against any action that might lead to a war with the South. Even Lincoln’s top Army commander wanted nothing to do with war. “Let the wayward sisters depart in peace,” urged Gen. Winfield Scott.
Secretary of State William Seward also advised the new president to let the rebellious states go and avoid actions that could upset the states of the upper South. He thought that, eventually, the aggrieved states would see the error of their ways and campaign for reunification. “I do not think it wise to provoke a Civil War beginning in Charleston and in rescue of an untenable position,” Seward insisted.
But before long, Northern newspaper editors did the math and realized what secession meant for Northern enterprises. In addition to the loss of tax revenue, the South’s free trade position would’ve had dire consequences for Northern ports.
In his inaugural speech as governor of South Carolina, Francis W. Picks pledged the state would “open her ports free to the tonnage and trade of all nations” should secession occur.
The Daily Chicago Times foretold the impending economic disaster:
And consider this dire warning from the New York Evening Post in March of 1862:
In the British journal, All the Year Round, Charles Dickens observed, “Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means the loss of the same millions to the North. The love of money is the root of this as of many other evils.”
Meanwhile, hundreds of commercial importers in New York and Boston refused to pay duties on imported goods unless the same were collected at Southern ports. This was after the state of New York considered leaving the Union and joining “our aggrieved brethren of the Slave States.”
Even though Lincoln was elected president, he had done so with almost no support from the South and less than 40% of the popular vote. And in a move that many refer to as “political genius,” Lincoln appointed his political rivals to cabinet positions, ostensibly to destroy enemies by making them friends — a move that would lead to disloyalty and backroom drama.
Moreover, those cabinet appointments caused disappointment with allies who had supported Lincoln’s candidacy. Joseph Medill of the Chicago Tribune was especially miffed he didn’t receive anything from the new president saying, “We made Abe and by God — we can unmake him.”
Meanwhile, the South was moving forward to organize as a new nation. On February 8, 1861, the Confederate States of America (CSA) was formed and inaugurated Jefferson Davis as its president. There was, it seemed, no way to remedy the secession issue and its associated financial stress on the North — except by forcing the South to rejoin the Union.
But the last thing the Confederacy wanted was a war.
In fact, soon after Jefferson Davis became the first president of the CSA, he dispatched a commission to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a treaty and an offer to pay for all federal property in the South. But Lincoln refused to meet, believing acknowledgment would discredit his position that secession was illegal.
And that thinking also thwarted the final attempt to resolve the dilemma through peaceful means.
The war begins
At the time Southern states began seceding, many of the Union forts within their borders were abandoned. At the start of the Civil War, the U.S. military (and government) looked very different from what we have today. The United States had a standing army of about 16,000 men in 1861, most of whom served in poorly equipped outposts.
Fort Sumter, a sparsely populated duty collection point in Charleston harbor, was one of the few forts where Union personnel remained. As was evident from Lincoln’s contemporaries, an attempt to send Union troops into any of the Confederate states would provoke a war.
Lincoln knew that if South Carolina and the Confederacy allowed the fort to be provisioned, it would make a mockery of their sovereignty. And if the Confederacy fired on the Union ships, it would have been the Confederacy, not Lincoln, who fired the first shots of the war.
“He was a master of the situation,” wrote Lincoln’s private secretaries John G. Nicolay and John Hay. “Master if the rebels hesitated or repented, because they would thereby forfeit their prestige with the South; master if they persisted, for he would then command a united North.”
Lincoln knew what he was doing when he ordered Fort Sumter to be resupplied. He was a cunning politician and Fort Sumter was his opportunity. He seized it believing it would be a short war.
Viewing the Civil War as a crusade to end slavery is simply not correct; abolitionists never accounted for more than a sizable minority in the North. The cause of war in 1861 wasn’t slavery. It was about the loss of millions in tax revenues.
In reality, it wasn’t even a Civil War. The Confederate states had no aspirations to rule the Union any more than George Washington sought control over Great Britain in 1776. In both the American Revolutionary War and the Civil War, independence was the goal.
The idea that the Civil War was some sort of a morality play about freeing Southern slaves is an ideological distortion that obfuscates many of the atrocities that occurred during and after the war.
But if we accept the idea that Lincoln was waging war to free the slaves, it helps justify the loss of over 600,000 American lives. Not to mention the financial cost of the war, which many historians believe could have been avoided.
After all, this wasn’t the first time a U.S. president faced the issue of secession. From 1800 to 1815, three serious attempts at secession were orchestrated by New England Federalists who were infuriated by what they believed were unconstitutional acts by President Thomas Jefferson.
Among the voices for secession was Connecticut Sen. James Hillhouse, who declared, “The Eastern States must and will dissolve the Union and form a separate government. I will rather anticipate a new confederacy, exempt from the corrupt and corrupting influence and oppression of the aristocratic Democrats of the South.”
“There will be — and our children at farthest will see it — a separation. The white and black population will mark the boundary,” wrote Timothy Pickering, the prominent senator from Massachusetts.
It was the belief of Hillhouse, Pickering, John Quincy Adams, and others that the South was gaining too much power and influence at a cost to the New England states.
What was Jefferson’s response to the threat of secession? It certainly wasn’t war:
From all outward accounts, Lincoln wanted a war with the South — some might say he needed it. The loss of tax revenues from the Southern ports would not go unpunished, as he promised in his inaugural address. But after more than a year at war, the Union’s prospects for victory were in doubt.
The reality of the war
Losses to the Army in significant battles had the Union mired in a bloody quagmire. Moreover, Britain and France were considering support for the Confederacy by recognizing it as a sovereign country, which could have solidified secession and put Lincoln’s forces at risk of having to fight against Confederate allies from Europe.
Until September 1862, the stated purpose of the war had been to preserve the Union. With the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln sought to change the focus of the war. But the Emancipation Proclamation freed no one. Not a single slave:
The Southern states were “in rebellion,” and Lincoln had no control over the Confederacy. Nor did he have the power to free the slaves in the South or the Union. That would require a Constitutional amendment, which wouldn’t occur until after the Civil War. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery.
Indeed, this was a last-ditch effort to incapacitate the Confederate Army. Lincoln hoped that it would entice Southern slaves to leave and join the ranks of the Union Army, depleting the Confederacy’s labor force that was sorely needed to wage war against the Union.
Woodrow Wilson, writing in History of the American People, proposed, “It was necessary to put the South at a moral disadvantage by transforming the contest from a war waged against states fighting for their independence into a war waged against states fighting for the maintenance and extension of slavery.”
Prior to the proclamation, Lincoln confessed to New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley, “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.”
The myth of Lincoln
A remarkable number of popular beliefs about the Civil War fail critical scrutiny. Not just the causes of secession and the war but many other elements of the period.
For all that has been written about Lincoln, so few texts accurately portray his presidency. Reading Lincoln’s own words quickly dismantles the legend:
While denying the charge that he was an abolitionist at a presidential debate, Lincoln expressed his views about the “black race,” all of whom he thought should be sent back to Africa or to an island in the Caribbean. In his speech on the Dred Scott decision:
While any reasonable person today would find these remarks abhorrent and bigoted, it was not outside the popular thinking of the period. In fact, the idea of the colonization of Black people was so popular that Lincoln proposed it as an amendment to the Constitution in his second annual message to Congress in 1862.
Colonization was a staple of Lincoln’s speeches and public comments from 1854 until about 1863. Lincoln’s views on race contrast sharply with his modern era image as the “Great Emancipator.” Indeed, his public remarks, which are well-documented, indicate he had little regard for Black people.
And this is where the myth of the sympathetic North begins to unravel. While there was a strong abolitionist movement in the North, it was so small that Lincoln and other politicians didn’t associate themselves with it.
Most white Northerners treated Black people with disdain, discrimination, and violence during the period leading up to the Civil War. Black people were not allowed to vote, marry, or use the judicial system.
As Alexis de Tocqueville observed in Democracy in America, “The prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery, than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.”
While the Emancipation Proclamation gave Lincoln some breathing room, he still had a tough road before him. The Union was having difficulty getting volunteers to fight in the war, so Congress enacted the nation’s first military draft act.
In New York City, a town deeply divided over the war, the new conscription law did not sit well with the general population. Not only were the wealthy allowed to buy their way out of the draft, but it excluded Black people.
The day after the draft lottery began, demonstrations broke out across New York City and soon morphed into a violent uprising. The New York draft riots lasted four days. Black men were lynched, private property was destroyed, and over 100 people lost their lives.
How a myth becomes ‘fact’
Prior to his assassination, Lincoln was often depicted in contemporary media as cowardly, devious, grotesque, and animal-like. During his presidency and for many years after his death, he was the object of much scorn and derision.
It’s not difficult to understand why. He started a war without the consent of Congress, had men conscripted into fighting the war, suspended habeas corpus, had cities burned, imprisoned political enemies, and had dissenting newspapers shut down and the owners imprisoned.
With so much overwhelming evidence available today, how does the fable of Lincoln and his war continue? In part, it’s because average Americans are unfamiliar with a good deal of history and geography. A 2015 survey released by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni revealed only half the U.S. American public could correctly identify when the Civil War took place.
Popular culture has played a significant role in shaping perceptions as well. In 1906, Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews published the short story “The Perfect Tribute,” which depicted Lincoln writing and delivering the Gettysburg Address but thinking it was an utter failure. Later, he comforted a Confederate captain as he died in a prison hospital, and the captain, who did not recognize Lincoln, praised the address as “one of the great speeches in history.”
The wildly popular work of fiction, which was largely responsible for the myth that Lincoln wrote the address on the train in route to Gettysburg, was assigned reading for many generations of schoolchildren in the United States.
John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of Lincoln made him a martyr. His legacy was reconstructed through written accounts (more than 16,000 books have been published), memorialized on Mount Rushmore and in the lavish memorial in Washington, D.C., and lionized in movies.
In the wake of Lincoln’s legend, the Republican Party controlled national politics and set the national tone for almost three-quarters of a century following the Civil War, winning 16 of 18 presidential elections.
Most texts about the Civil War and biographies of Abraham Lincoln gloss over his shortcomings, suggesting the ends somehow justify the means. But as historians continue to excavate Lincoln’s life and times, with each unturned stone, another fable is tarnished and truth revealed.
A member here in Bama is living in a home that was spared, during those times. Bet his bunk house by the short range, could tell some interesting tales. He can be a crotchety old fuck at times but all in all a solid guy.I especially like the story of the southern plantation owner, whose house was spared because he was a Mason.......actually I think there are several of those stories.
Its a club.
And you aint in it.
Next thing it'll be Roots was a complete fabrication
Apologies if I'm wasn't clear but I was asking specifically to the 19th Century American Civil War/War of Northern Aggression (I'm not familiar with the CW II separation). Just about any topic really whether it be local battlefields or legends of confederate gold. Stories about specific units or technology evolution and how that impacted decisions. How Lincoln changed generals like tube socks but I personally enjoy hearing the stories about the people.Do we have any Civil War buffs?
Are you asking about CW I or the early events of CW II?
There's the myth, lore, whatever, that right after the Battle of San Jacinto Texans brought the captured Santa Anna to Sam Houston, who was laying on a blanket with a gunshot wound to the ankle and Santa Anna flashed the Masonic sign which supposedly is what saved him from suffering the same fate he ordered on the Texas prisoners at the Alamo and what would later be known as the Goliad Massacre.I especially like the story of the southern plantation owner, whose house was spared because he was a Mason.......actually I think there are several of those stories.
Its a club.
And you aint in it.