No difference will be felt. Assuming you use the proper spring and buffer... Carbine tube/spring/buffer, rifle tube/spring/buffer ...
Any gas gun is like a finely tuned watch. There is a proper weight of buffer and a proper type of spring to compliment the particular bcg/receiver/chamber. Length of the system is irrelevant if it is well balanced. For example, consider an engine,... If the crankshaft is properly balanced, will the main caps have more or less force pushing against them than the same engine without any balancing? The total force exerted in a revolution will be the same, it will just be exerted over a longer period with a lower peak.
This is of course a rough analogy... But the point should hopefully be understood.
If you look at the hicap competition pistols, we reduce the slide weight and heavily reduce the recoil spring weight so the slide spends more time in the full rearward position so the mag has time to shove those 30 rounds up to feed the next one.... The overall cycle time is the same, but more of it is spent with the slide in the rearward position. The same concept applies to ar's. Lower spring weight and lighter buffer will throw the bcg into your shoulder faster and harder, but the total amount of energy transfered to your body is the same.... It's just that the bcg momentum is transferred faster.... This is why a recoil system can be specific to the gun and for precision shooters, it's tuned to the specific person...
So in a general blanket statement, no, carbine vs rifle length makes no difference if tuned right.