It sounds like the Grendel is what you are looking for. Nosler and Norma just got on board, but you don't need Grendel brass to shoot the Grendel when times are tough. You can neck down 7.62x39 or neck up 6mm PPC and fire-form. Brass makers include:
Lapua
Hornady
Nosler
Norma
PPU
For killing within 300yds, both the Grendel and 6.8 SPC do well. I would recommend staying with the AR15 frame set for your boys since it is so easy to handle, and the higher performance intermediate calibers like Grendel and 6.8 can be shot by a kid all day long, for 3 days straight. I've watched it happen. The more trigger time you all get on them, the better you will be.
There is another option that just hit the market, and will allow you to stick with .243 Winchester in an AR15-sized gun, and that is the DPMS GII. It is the same size as an AR15, but is built around .308-based cartridges. I just got back from SHOT, where I pawed over several versions of the GII, and I have to admit that I was impressed. Not sure when we will see them, but if you want to stick with .243 Winchester, it will be a great option.
The Grendel has better bullet selection than the .243 Winchester, with higher BC's, especially when you look at the 123gr SST, 123gr A-MAX, 120gr NBT, 100gr Barnes TTSX, 120gr TSX, 100gr NBT, 100gr Partition, 125gr Partition, and 80 other hunting bullets available in 6.5mm.
The good news is, there are several options for you that will fit your needs. If you are looking to have more than one rifle or carbine, I would probably lean to the Grendel, where all the parts are common with the AR15 market, and the only different ones are the barrel, bolt, and mags. Recoil is negligible, while on-target performance actually better with the 6.5mm, even if you compare a Grendel at 2500fps with the 123gr SST to the .243 Winchester pushing the 95gr E-Tip at 3000fps:
6.5 Grendel 16"-18" barrel, 2500fps, 123gr SST .510 BC ( I easily get 2550fps with 123gr in my 16" Grendel, 100fps away from pressure signs on the chronograph @ 2648fps using CFE223)
Code:
Range Velocity Energy Trajectory TOF Drift
(yards) (fps) (ft-lb) (MILS) (sec) (MILS)
0 2500 1707 0.00 0.0000 0.00
25 2457 1649 -0.93 0.0303 -0.05
50 2414 1592 0.26 0.0611 -0.10
75 2372 1537 0.52 0.0924 -0.16
100 2330 1483 0.54 0.1243 -0.21
125 2289 1431 0.47 0.1568 -0.27
150 2248 1380 0.34 0.1898 -0.32
175 2207 1331 0.18 0.2235 -0.38
200 2167 1283 0.00 0.2578 -0.44
[b]225 2127 1236 -0.20 0.2927 -0.49[/b]
250 2088 1191 -0.41 0.3283 -0.55
275 2049 1147 -0.63 0.3645 -0.62
300 2011 1104 -0.87 0.4015 -0.68
325 1973 1063 -1.11 0.4391 -0.74
350 1935 1023 -1.37 0.4775 -0.81
375 1898 984 -1.63 0.5167 -0.87
400 1861 946 -1.90 0.5566 -0.94
425 1825 910 -2.18 0.5973 -1.01
450 1789 874 -2.47 0.6388 -1.07
475 1754 840 -2.77 0.6811 -1.15
500 1719 807 -3.08 0.7243 -1.22
525 1685 776 -3.40 0.7683 -1.29
550 1652 745 -3.72 0.8133 -1.36
575 1619 716 -4.06 0.8592 -1.44
600 1586 687 -4.41 0.9060 -1.52
.243 Winchester, 24" barrel, 3000fps, 95gr E-Tip, .355 BC
Code:
Range Velocity Energy Trajectory TOF Drift
(yards) (fps) (ft-lb) (MILS) (sec) (MILS)
0 3000 1898 0.00 0.0000 0.00
25 2931 1812 -1.34 0.0253 -0.06
50 2862 1728 -0.10 0.0512 -0.12
75 2795 1648 0.22 0.0777 -0.18
100 2729 1571 0.30 0.1049 -0.24
125 2664 1497 0.29 0.1327 -0.30
150 2600 1426 0.22 0.1612 -0.37
175 2537 1357 0.12 0.1904 -0.43
200 2474 1291 0.00 0.2203 -0.50
[b]225 2413 1228 -0.14 0.2510 -0.57[/b]
250 2352 1167 -0.29 0.2825 -0.64
275 2293 1109 -0.45 0.3148 -0.71
300 2234 1053 -0.63 0.3479 -0.78
325 2176 999 -0.81 0.3819 -0.86
350 2119 947 -1.01 0.4169 -0.94
375 2063 897 -1.21 0.4527 -1.01
400 2007 850 -1.43 0.4896 -1.10
425 1953 804 -1.65 0.5275 -1.18
450 1899 761 -1.89 0.5664 -1.27
475 1847 719 -2.13 0.6065 -1.35
500 1795 680 -2.39 0.6477 -1.45
525 1745 642 -2.66 0.6901 -1.54
550 1695 606 -2.94 0.7337 -1.63
575 1647 572 -3.23 0.7786 -1.73
600 1600 540 -3.53 0.8248 -1.83
The .243 is slightly flatter, but the 123gr SST has less wind drift, and a Grendel carbine will catch up to the long-barreled .243 after 200yds, then beat it by 225yds for energy. If you use the 105gr A-MAX in the .243 for target work, then you're comparable to the 24" Grendel in drop/drift, but the Grendel will still have more energy.
It also sucks less powder at the bench, and recoil is very low, even in a light carbine.
For a 16" barrel or shorter, as said a 6.8 is gonna be the way to go.
My 16" Grendel is pretty tough to beat with CFE and the 123gr SST. A .510 BC in the mid 2550fps with 123gr weight is without peer right now in the 16" AR15. Closest thing would be a 130gr .277" Classic VLD ( .497 BC) from a 6.8 with an ARP chamber, using Gen I PRI mags and loaded long with a medium burning powder and at least a 10" twist, using a 9310 SuperBolt, on a squared receiver. VLD's cost almost twice as much as SST's, and I can use any Grendel mag to load the SST's in, even if I want to load to 2.275", since all the Grendel mags are standardized.