There are numerous theories for this, one being short fat, long neck, etc.
I think it is simply because you have a dedicated following in the cartridge of the month club.
Someone does good with something then everyone starts to use it till the next flavor of the moth comes along.
There is a lot of vanity and egos in competition shooting and word gets around that something is "the shit" then everyone starts to focus their efforts on that shit and because of the large effort, good results happen.
Everything is a tradeoff in shooting, 6's or 6.5's fly flat but really get pushed by the wind. 30 cals drop like rocks but buck the wind... Every cartridge has something good about it and that is usually at the expense of something else.
I don't buy into the hype or subscribe to the wildcat of the month club. I make a decision to work with a certain cartridge and I try to squeeze everything out of it that I can and when you put that much effort into something you are going to get good results.
30-06 is a choice. It is a choice that performs better than a .308 in the heavier weight bullets. It performs better at long range than a 308 because you have more energy potential to work with. You are not going to push 190 grain bullets at 3000 FPS in a 308, you can *just* do it with a 30-06 and that makes a 1500 yard shot (with 50-55 MOA in elevation) a good possibility because you are still flying supersonic at that distance.
I personally like to work with a 30-06 because it satisfies my sinister ego. I get snickerd at when I show up on the range with this bad ass looking gun and the snobs find out it is chambered in 30-06. Then I start shooting and embarrass the hell out of them and their 6.5 caliber something I never heard of that is supposed to re-write the book on long range shooting. What really makes it sweet is I am doing it with a cartridge that is nearly 110 years old and sometimes in brass that was made in the 1930's.
Yes, sounds right. But statistically, there are certain cartridges that win more bling than others.
If you do your homework, you will find that the only cartridge that has won more "bling" in shooting competitions than a 30-06 is the .308. For 50+ years the 30-06 ruled the range. I would not be surprised if the 30-06 is in fact the king of the range since centerfire competitions began. I would imagine the records are a bit sketchy going all the way back to 1906 so I guess we will never know for sure what cartridge has won the most bling...