FWIW:
We do setbacks, but I try to temper it with the cartridge, how the gun was used, and the mileage. Take a 22-250 running featherweight pills on prairie dogs, for instance. Likely the barrel will be smoked after 1000-1100 rounds. It's very possible to lop off the tennon and get up into fresh material as a gun like this will most likely have a fatty tube hanging off of it with plenty of cylinder. One might expect it to deliver another 1,000 or so rounds, but I've yet to see it. The theme seems to be about 1/3rd of where it died before.
Remember, Chamber temps can flash to over 6,000*F, and the pressures are ##,### digits. It's not unreasonable to think that the steel forward of the immediate throat is adversely affected by this. A situation where the person travels for competitive events/hunts is where a setback can start to resemble a roulette table.
As for the comment about accelerated tooling wear on a ream, I've not seen that. On its best day, a SS barrel made of 416 will hit maybe 42 Rockwell C scale. A cut-rifled barrel could be this hard, but most live in the low 30s. Button barrels are always on the soft side because you'll break the tool if you try to pull through the hard stuff.
I think you'd be hard-pressed to run a bolt gun hard enough to heat cycle it sufficiently and get any change to the chemistry that would alter the hardness. -Maybe if a guy went total "Blackwater" and tossed his shit in a lake afterward.
C.