From what I understand, the action is more of a standardization and manufacturing tolerance issue. The reason the TL3 is set up for barrel swaps is that it's thread diameter is the same as for Savage pre-fit barrels, which are widely available. The tolerances on the TL3 are good enough that you can even have shouldered prefits that can be screwed in without a barrel nut to be able to pass go/no-go gauges. Then, for different sized cases, you can swap the bolt head without needing to purchase a new bolt body.
If you take the typical Remington factory action, I don't know if you can. However, the higher quality custom actions and tikka actions can all use prefit barrels, just not necessarily the savage small shank. See, for example the offerings from bugholes.com, PVA, criterion. Also, I don't know if their short action bolts will work with the long action receivers.
Besides the TL3, the Arc actions such as the nucleus and the mausingfield also take savage small shank and have swappable bolt heads. The main difference there I think are the wait times on your order.
Another choice is a tikka. The tikkas are all long action as others have pointed out. If you choose to build Tikka somebody on the hide did a 300 win mag build recently:
https://www.snipershide.com/shooting/threads/tikka-long-action-caliber-stock-chassis.6904155/
I believe Pva, criterion and bugholes can all do prefit tikka barrels that work with a barrel nut. Not sure where the guy got his carbon barrel from though.