Nope, the M14 was adopted in 1957 and about the only M1 Carbines in combat use associated with the US were in the SE Asia Games and almost all in the hands of ARVN troops.
Other than giveaways to friendly troops and stolen/captured/otherwise acquired specimens in the hands of irregular troops on the other side of that little escapade, I never heard of M1 Garands being in use in combat zones when the AR was being finalized for USAF and Army use.
M14 Initial Production Failures & the AR15
The M14 was adopted, but not magically mass-produced to fill the hands of US soldiers, Marines, and Airmen all over the world. Even cutting out Vietnam, which didn't see large deployments of conventional forces until 1965, the Pentagon had a real challenge of replacing WWII-era rifles and carbines for the military, and M14 initial production was not meeting the demand from the combat divisions in the US and Europe.
On top of that, the Air Force didn't want the M14, because it was too heavy for their local security needs. They wanted something like the M1/M2 carbine, which they had been using since the days of Army Air Corps, but the Army was still in charge of procurement for repair & replacement parts in the late 1950's through early 1960's, and they stopped requisitioning spares for the Carbines after Korea. It (M1/M2 Carbine)was basically a dead system in terms of logistics.
That is one of the main factors that drove the Air Force to start looking at the AR15, and this really pushed the Pentagon to start having to consider it as a viable service rifle, even though Army Ordnance had just declared it totally unsuitable as a military weapon within weeks prior to the USAF request to put the AR15 through service rifle trials. There is a very interesting history behind the adoption of the AR15, and you can read all about it in
The Black Rifle, Volume I. It's better than a soap opera.
Hindsight isn't 20/20
The biggest tendency we often make when looking at the adoption of the M14 and AR15 is to associate that time period with Vietnam, when there were more significant factors in the need for a new service rifle, and Vietnam still didn't have many US forces there when all these decisions were being made. The fleet demand was driven by well over a dozen combat divisions, Marine Divisions, and Littoral & Maritime Navy units, many of whom would not have anything to do with SEA over the duration of the war. Think about all the Stateside Divisions, as well as European Mechanized, Airborne, and Infantry Divisions who were keeping the presence in Germany, for example.
The Infantry Board also saw the AR15 as a temporary stop-gap for the SPIW, so they reluctantly agreed to allow adoption of the AR15 along with the late-on-delivery M14 production line, with both systems planned to be replaced by 1968 with an uber over-under grenade launcher/saboted flechette rifle.
By the time conventional Army units started arriving in Vietnam, they were mostly equipped with Colt Model 601 and 602 AR15's (type classified as M16's), and the Marines transitioned over to the Black Rifle quickly. The AR15 had been going through several years of evaluation, modification, field-testing, and standardization by the time the first grunt Marines of the 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade hit the beach in 1965. They did have M14's and M14A1's, but the M14's service was short-lived as a standard service rifle in that conflict.
Why this history is relevant to the discussion
This rush to get a viable service rifle into Soldiers, Marines, Airmen, and Sailors' hands also by-passed what probably should have been a re-engineering of the bolt, barrel extension, receivers, and magazine to accommodate the .222 Remington Special aka .223 Remington, with a bit longer COL, a slightly larger and stronger bolt, larger diameter barrel extension, and slightly larger upper receiver OD and ID for the extension. The reason why we have such limited COL with the .223 Remington and all these other cartridges we have tried to stuff into the mouse gun is because of the COL of the .222 Remington and the little tangent ogive varmint bullets it was specifically designed to shoot.
The AR15 really needed to be able to shoot long for caliber ogive pills to retain energy for the .30 cal nazis' attempts to make it fail the 500yd steel helmet perforation tests, which they thought surely no mouse gun could pass. There was a really insightful Army Ordnance civilian engineer who actually recommended they go with lower pressures, a 62gr to 68gr .224 bullet with a higher BC, in order to blast through the 500yd steel helmet, but McNamara's whiz kids dressed him down, not knowing anything about ballistics, but thinking they were geniuses because they could crank numbers with their computers in a statistical modeling reminiscent of McNamara's statistician background from Army Air Corps service, and then the Ford Motor Company, before he was selected as SecDef by Kennedy, Inc.
Fast-forward to the present: The 6.5 Grendel gets around the COL limitations by using a much shorter, fatter case based off the Russian 7.62x39/.220 Russian/6mm PPC. Because of the limited bolt geometry mass, the SAAMI MAOP is kept back down to where the .222 Remington's is, at ~50,000psi, and good metallurgy on the bolts accounts for bolt life. It also uses more shallow guide grooves and different angles on the feed lips, along with a Grendel-specific follower and M4 feed ramps.
Me, I believe that the AR receiver just isn't up to hosting 24-inch med-heavy or whatever they call it these days barrels.
There are plenty of guns that have been somehow doing well with this combo, but I tend to agree with you. The AR15 upper was always designed with lightweight being top priority, but the original barrels weren't as lightweight as we might think.
The fore ends of the original prototype .222 Remington Armalite AR15's took pencil to a whole new level, but the barrel underneath the Bakelite handguard was actually about .800" in diameter, with fluting to reduce weight.
If I was personally building a 24" gun, I would select an VLTOR MUR or thicker upper, but I am really enjoying the Grendel in the shorter lengths, which is why I ordered 16" and 18" barrels from Lilja for the next two guns.